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SscHonal Library
JOHN BR.OOKS HENDERSON
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THE
DivfeiDn of i>/£ollU8lo
NATURAL HISTORY Sectional Library
OF
BRITISH SHELLS
FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF ALL THE
SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN,
SYSTEMATICALLY AURANCi F.D
IN THE LISNEAN MAXNER,
SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OB3ERVATIONS ON EACH,
^®-3€-c»*
IN FIVE VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
"TTiy ig^C
By E, DONOVAN, F. L. S.
AVJllOR CF THE NATUHAL HISTORIES OF BKITISH lilKDS, IKSECTS, ScC. &.C.
/lvndon ^
PRIAtfD F^R THE AU'fH©R,
V^ AN!) FOR f*^ I
F. C. AND J. RrVTNGTON, No. 62, ST. PAlTL'S CHURCH- YARD,
By Bi/e and Law, Si. John's Square, ClcrhaiweU,
1804.
5 ^^of If 2
9.
o
ADVERTISEMENT.
I HE present work is submitted with the utmost defer-
ence to the Reader as a general and very copious eluci-
dation of all the larger kinds of Shells found in this
country.
At the commencement of this undertaking the Author
proposed that the five volumes of which this work consists
should include figures and descriptions of all the British
Shells ; so far at least as they could be correctly ascer-
tained. The amount of these collectively, he was induced
to think might be very nearly appreciated from the seve-
ral works of Lister, Merret, Petiver, Walker, Pennant,
and Da Costa : from the number of nondescript British
Shells that came into his possession with the original col-
lection of the latter writer, together with those in his own
cabinet independent of them ; the whole amount of which
was far from inconsiderable..
ADVERTISEMENT.
In this estimate, which the Author at first conceivexl
^vould be completely adequate to every purpose of his
design, he afterwards perceived himself in some degree
mistaken. During the course of publication he has in
various instanced been kindly favoured with British Shells
not before described : neither are the acquisitions which
he has himself discovered in several remote parts of the
country altogether unworthy of attention. ]\Iany of the
species thus obtained were deemed too interesting to be
om.itted in a work of this nature, and it was therefore thouglit
advisable to exclude those, which, from their extreme
minuteness, are usually denominated Microscopic Shells,
in order to admit the most important of them. The
omission of the more diminutive species, for the sake of
inserting Shells of conspicuous figure, that had not been
before described as English, the Author trusts will rather
be considered as an advantage, than detriment to this
Avork, Nothing of material consequence, either in the
collection of the Author, or the cabinets of his friends,
to which he has access, has been neglected in this selection ;
and he could not feel himself completely justified in
extending the work beyond the limits originally prescribed
for no other purpose than to introduce the Microscopic
Shells.
TABLE OF CONTENTS,
MULTI VALVES.
XjEPAS Balanus
' costata
■I conoides
— — — — intertexta
-' balanoides
■ Tintinnabulum
■ — Diadema
' Borealis -
■ — anatifcra
■ Scalpellum
■ ' ' anserifera
•— — — dilata
Pholas Dactylus (Da Costa Hlans (Solander)
—— crispata , . -
■ ■ ■ Candida , - .
— — striata _ . «
' parvus . . -
BIVALVES.
Plate. Figii
30
a» «
30
2
30
3
36
I
S6
a>3
14S
56
160
166
t
166
%
164
xiS
6»
13a
117
63
Mya glycymeri* « ■ . « • 141
ovata • » . « ■ ia»
CONTENTS.
. declivis
. arenaria
praetenuis
— — dubia
Solen Siliqua
• cornea
Plate. Fig.
Mya ov,ilis . _ « - - 89
■ pictorum ----- 17+
margarltlfeia - - - - 73
Ss
. truncata - - - - -9*
depressa - - - - " '°*
- - - - 176
^ _ - - 108
46
— — Lcgumen - - - - - 53
Ensi$ - . - - - 50
—— marginatus - - - - - no
■ antlquatus - - - - - 114
— — pellucidus - - •* - - '53
Tellina inxquivalvis - - - - 4^
' variabilis - - - - - 4^
trifasciata - - - - 60
carnaria - . - - -
™ borealis - - - - -
i rivalis - - - - - 6z a
, inaequistriata - - - - * 1^3
fabula - - - - - 97
rigida - - - - - J03
47
6z 1
96
■ bimaculata - - - - 29 1, i
■ tenuis - « - - - 21^ 2, a
. deprcGsa ----- 163
Cardium aculeatum - - - - 6
■ tuberculatum - - - - 107 z
. Echinatutn * - - - 107 z
. la;vigatum - - - - 54.
— — — edule ..... 12^ i
■ rusticum - * - . jz^ 2,
II medium - - . - - 32 i
' ciliare - - - » 32 2
pygraeum - - - - 3=^ 3i 5
Mactra Lutraria - - * - - 58
■ I- hians , ■ . - - 140
CONTENTS.
Mactra subtruncata
■ — Glauca
■ solida
■ Stultorum
. radiata
Donax Irus
— — trunculus
— — crenulata •
Venus granulata
•— — fasclatus
—— Verrucosa
I Islandica
— — Chione
■ cancellata
■ barealis
■ undata
— — sjnuosa
■ exoleta
— — decussata
" striatulus
— — lactea
Chama Cor
Area Nose
«— — lactea
■■ caudata
- nucleus
— — glycymeris (Da Cofta)
— — Pilosa(Gmel.)
Plate,
Fig.
126
125
6z
106
161
29
2, a
29
I, r
24
83
170
i.»
44
77
17
"5
'
130
121
42
£
42
Z
67
6g
149
134
158
13s
7S
63
37
Ostrea maxima - - - « - 49
■ Jacobaca - - - - - ^37
I varia - - - - -11, 1
■ obsoletus - - - • - X a
■ subrufus - - - - - 12
■ ■ pusio _ . » - - 34
. . lineata - - - - - a 16
■ , ' striata » , - - - " 4S
Anemia Ephipplum - - - - »6
Mytilus rugosus " - ' - - - 141
(■' <> modiolns "" - * ± ' - ^ ? aj
CONTENTS.
Mytilus Umbilicatui
.. barbatus •
— edulis - •
I ungulatus
. .. pellucldus
I — Cygneus
. anatinus
■ discors
Pinna lavis (Ingens Ptnnant)
—— Muricata ( Pectinata Linn f )
Plate.
40
70
128
\z%
81
55
113
25
IS*
10
Fig.
UNIVALVES.
Cypraea pedlculus
Bulla patula > «
— — lignarla - -
■ resiliens ■
hydatis
■ aperta - -
— — cylindrlca - -
Voluta tornatilis
' - pallida
— — triplicata
■ ■ laevis
Eucclnum undaturr)
. retlculatum
I Lapillus
— — — lineatum
■ glaciale
■ I brunneum
Strombus Pes pelecani
— — — costatus -
Murex Carlnatus
Despectus (Lim.)
— Antiquus (L'mn% Despectu^, &c.)
I . I I ' tuberculatiu
43
»43
27
79
S8
izo
120
57
66
138
J65
304
76
i>
IS
154
179
4
94
X09
]8o
CONTENTS.
Murex corneus
II ErlnaceuE
■ ■ costatus
»■■ decollatus
— — — Bamffius
■ emarginatus
I I ' septem-angulatus
I ■ elegans
— — angulatus
Trochus magus
11- ■ conulus
■ ' cinerarius
■ - Zizyphinus
■ papillosus
— — terrestris
•■■——• conicus
- ■ — cinereus
Turbo lineatus
» ■ mammlllatus
— — littoreus
■ rudis
■ '■■ ' cimex
— — pullus
— — fontinalis
— — lacteus
' pallidus
- •• duplicatus
- terebra
— — cjnctus
Clathrus
— — striatus
- fasciatus
— — perversus
- • muscorum
' subulatus
■ -■■'■■ acutus
— ^ vlttatus
— • intcrruptMS
costatus
' retlculatui
- albus
VOL. I.
Plate.
FIj.
3«
3S
91
86
169
X
169
a
179
4
179
3
156
S
z
8
2
74
5*
i»7
III
J55
t
15s
2
71
173
33
I,S
33
3
2
»»I
ft
»>3>4>5»«
lOft
90
178
4
112
22
z
32
i»i
28
59
18
», s
72
80
172
179
z
178
z
Hi
2
178
3
159
177
CONTENTS.
Plate.
Helix cornea - " '
— — lapicida
vortex - "
contorta - - " '
■ pomatla
hortensis (Aspcra Gmel. ?) " * "
. pallida
m—^ rufescens - "
- arbustorum ■ -
■ nemoralis - " " "
- Zonaria - " "■ "
.. hispida - "
. .- ericetorum - ' " '
— — tentacula - - "
- vivipara - '
I. avyiculayia,
— — stagnalis - - "
~— fragilis - - ' '
. ... fontinalis
. putrls - "
— — BuUaoides - • '
Nerlta littoralls - - "
' I .1 glaucina - - . -
■ intricata - - "
■ nltida " " *
— . — fluviatilis - - -
. ■ pallidas - - "
S
Haliotis tuberculata . . • - S
Patella Vulgata - • - - - '4
... ■ — fissura - - *
— pellucida
— parva
— reticulata
— Ungarica
•~— milltaris
~— alblda
39
X
39
»
75
99
84
131
157
a _
157
?
136
13
6S
IS*
X
151
•X,
93
87
SI
X
51
t.
175
X
175
z
16S
z
j6S
z
ao
*. *
20
'»»
167
144
16
-*
x6
X
3 «>a
3 i»«
I a, z
21 3>3
ax X
171
- - " **?
i-^ lacustris - • - - '47
. — oblonga _ . - - 150
— intorta - - - - '4^
CONTENTS.
Plate. Fig.
Dentallum entails - - -* - 48
■ ' octangulatum - -. • i6z
Serpula vermicularls ' -• - - "95
■' spirorbis - - • - 5
■■ ■ granulata _ _ _ « loo
Teredo Navalls - - - - 145
Sabella alveolata • « • * '39
> ■ ■ • tubiformis - - • " ^33
THE
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
BRITISH SHELLS.
=»*;J^"-C«:w
INTRODUCTION.
Vermes.
JL HIS class of Animals was formerly confounded with Insects and
Plants : the Intestina and Mollusca were referred to the first class :
the Zoophi/ta and LitJiophjjta to the latter ; and some Authors had
even classed the testacea, or Shells, as a branch of Mineralogy, with-
out regarding the Animals inhabiting them. Linnsus, in the Systema
Natui\e, comprehends the whole of these creatures in the last class
of Zoology ; and forms their classical character from their internal
structure, as in larger and more perfect animals : CoR uniloculare^
inauritum ; Sunie frigida, albida. Tentaculatis Vermibus. Heart fur-
nished with one ventricle, without auricle ; sanies cold and whitish,
or colourless. The five orders of the Linna^an class Vermes are
thus defined : —
VOL. I. B
INTRODUCTION.
Jntestina^ simple, naked, destitute of limbs.
Mollusca, simple, naked ; but not without limbs.
Testacea^ animal with a calcareous covering.
Lithophyta, animal composite, affixed to, and fabricate a calcareous
base. — Coral.
Zoophyta^ a vegetating stem like a plant ; animal composite, and
resemble flowers.
LinnaEus has included in the Testacea Order the whole tribe of
Shells. In the generic characters he regards both the Shell and its
inhabitant : in the definition of species, the former only is attended
to. There are very strong arguments against the method of arrang-
ing this tribe by the Animals, although it cannot be denied, that the
Shells are only the coverings or habitations, and should not demand
our primary attention *.
The Testacea are Vermes of the soft and simple kind, and are
covered with a calcareous habitation. These are separated into three
divisions, according to the number of valves of which the Shell con-
sists. The first division includes only three genera, Ckitojiy Lcpas^
and Pholas ; these are called Multivalves, and are formed of many
valves, or pieces, disposed transversely on each other. The second
division consists of Bivalves, or Shells of two pieces, connected toge-
ther with a hinge, or cartilage. The third division is of Univalves,
and have the Shell complete in one piece, as the word Implies. The
Linnsean genera are —
• Vide Donovan's Instructions for collecting and preserving Subjects of Natural
History. London, 1794.
INTRODUCTION.
Chiton.
Multivalvia.
Lepas.
Pholas.
Mya.
Cardium.
Venus.
Arca.
Mytillus.
Bivalvia : concha.
SoLEN.
Mactra.
Spondylus.
OSTREA.
Pinna.
Tellina.
DONAX.
Chama.
Anomia.
Univalvia.
spira regular i Cochleae.
Argonauta. Nautillus. Conus.
Cypraea. Bulla. Voluta.
Buccinum. Strombus. Murex.
Trochus. Turbo. Helix.
Nerita. Haliotis.
Patella.
Teredo.
sine spira regulari.
Dentalium. Serpula.
Sabella.
B 2
^'ectcti
•
PLATE I.
FIG. 1. 1. 1. r.
OSTREA VARIA.
VARIEGATED, OR ONE-EARED SCALLOP,
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Animal a Tetliys. Shell bivalve unequal. The hinge without a
tooth, having a small oval cavity.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell almost equally convex ; about thirty rays, scabrous, imbri-
cated, or beset with transverse scales. One ear *.
OsTREA VARIA tcsta ^quivalvi : radiis triginta scabris compressis
echinatis uni aurita. GmcL — Linn. Si/st. Nat.
3324. 48.
P. subrufus, striis viginti quatuor, ad minimum donatus. — P. parvus,
ex croceo variegatus, tenuiter admodum striatus, al-
ternis fere striis paulo minoribus. IasI. H. Conch.
Pecten minor nostras, striis plurimis minoribus. Mas. Pctiv. p. 86.
No. S30.
Pectunculus echinatus fusco purpureus. Borlase Corn. p. 277.
* It has two ears, but one is considerably larger than ihe other.
PLATE I.
Pecten varius : variegated scallop. Pen. Br. Zool. No. 64. tab. 61.
fg. 64.
Pecten Monotis : One eared Escallop. Parvus angustlor,
aequivalvis, inaequaliter auritus, strlgis ecliinatis.
. Da Costa. Tab. 10. fig. 1. 2. 4. 5. 7. 9.
Many beautiful kinds of this species are found on our coasts. Some
are of an uniform, obscure, reddish, or purple colour, without any
markings : some are violet, and others bright yellow, or orange.
The most elegant kinds are variegated with different colours, as white,
red, purple, and brown. The purple kind marbled with irregular spots,
and waves of white ; and the coral red, with black and white mark-
ings, and white on the upper part, are select specimens of these
elegant varieties.
Pennant says, this species is often found in oyster-beds, and dragged
up with them. *' It is frequent on most of the shores of England ;
as in "Wales ; at Margate, and Sheerness, in Kent ; in Sussex and Dor-
setshire ; in Devonshire ; at Leiant and Whitsand Bay, &c. in Corn-
wall ; the ostium of the river Aln in Northumberland, and many other
places." Da Costa.
PLATE I.
FIG. II.
^PECTEN OBSOLETUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Ostrea. Linn.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
One large striated ear, with smooth equal shells ; eight obsolete
rays; of a dark purple colour. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 6Q. tab. 61.
Jig. 66.
Pecten Parvus : parvus fuscus longitudinaliter striatus, Da Costa.
Br. Conch. 153. 8.
This Is a very rare species ; da Costa received his specimen from
Cornwall.
The valves are equal and shallow ; the shell thin, and semitranspa-
rent ;' the ears unequal, one being very small. The inside is smooth
and brown, with a pearly gloss. The outside Is a dull purplish
brown, with numerous fine longitudinal striae *, eight or ten of
which are more prominent than the rest. These are surely not the
obsolete rays of Pennant, as da Costa Imagines ; the former author
must allude to the intermediate rays which are depressed and appea;
worn, as he describes them.
* The figure in Pennant's work is represented with transverse striae; this appears
however, to be an error of the engraver.
■ 'lafirxj
,j*^
S^.
M
PLATE II.
FIG. I. I.
TURBO CIMEX.
LATTICED WHELKE.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Llmax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture
somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell oblong-oval. Striae decussate, or Intersect each other In a
spiral direction.
Turbo Cimex, testa oblongo-ovata, strlis decussatis: punctis eml-
nentlbus. Lin. Sj/sL Nat. p. 1233. No. 609.
Turbo Cancellatus, Latticed . Turbo minimus albus cancellatim vel
decussatim strlatus. Da Costa Br. Conch. 104.
60. tab. 8. fig. 6. 9.
The natural size of this shell Is shewn at Fig. I. together with Its
microscopic appearance. It is a very small species, thick, witliout
PLATE ir.
gloss. The striae are elevated, broad, and cross each other so as to
form a deep latticed-work of thick ridges. This species is noted
from Cornwall and Guernsey : it is also found in the Mediterranean.
F I G. II. III. IV. VI. V.
TURBO PULLUS.
PAINTED tVHELKE,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aper-
ture rather compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Turbo Pullus. Turbo testa imperforata ovata Isvl, apertura antice
diducta. Lhm. Sj/st. Nat. p. 1233. No. 610.
Turbo minimus laevis, variegatus, albo rubicundus. Small red and
white variegated ^Vhelke. Borlase Cornw. p. 277.
Painted, Turbo pictus. Turbo minimus Isvis, albo et rubro perbelle
pictus, da Costa, p. 103. 59. tab. S. Jig. I. 3.
A minute, but elegant species ; it is a very delicate sliell, thin and
transparent, smooth and glossy. The varieties are numerous ; gene-
PLATE II.
rally white or blush-rose colour, with the markings crimson or red-
dish purple, disposed in zones, spiral circles, transverse streaks,
irregular waves, lines, spots, and specklings. Some are variegated
with different shades of brown in a similar manner.
Fig. II. represents the natural size : Fig. III. a full grown speci-
men. Fig. IV. IV. IV. are elegant varieties, as they appear under
the microscope. Da Costa notes this species from the coast of
Cornwall, and from Exmouth in Devonshire.
, PLATE IIL
FIG. I*. I. I.
PATELLA PELLUCIDA.
BLUE RAYED LIMPET.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Shell univalve, subconic, without spires ,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell entire, gibbous, pellucid, marked with longitudinal blue
rays.
Patella pellucida : testa integerriina obovato gibba pellucida :
radiis quatuor caeruleis. Ginclui. Lin. Sj/ii.
Nat. 3717, 163.
Patella minima lasvis pellucida, aliquot caeruleis lineis eleganter insig-
nita. List. Hist. Conch, tab. 543. fig. 27.
Patella minor, fusca, tenuis, umbone nigro ad extremitatcm ante-
riorem detruso,' tribus inde lineis caeruleis per
dorsum decurrentibus pulchre distincta. Wallace ^
Orkneys, />. 41.
Patella Anglica parva, praetenuis cymbuliformis, lineis caruleis gut-
tatis. Mus. Petiv. cent. 8. p. 68. No. 725.
PLATE III.
Transparent Patella. Br. ZooL 4. No. 150. tab. 90. fig. 150.
Patella L^vis. Smooth Patella. Br.Zool. No. \5\. zn old shell.
Patella Caeruleata. Blue rayed. Da Costa. Br. Conch. 7. 4. tab. 1.
fig. 5. 6.
Lepas d'eau douce demi-ovoide transparent, a trols lignes bleues.
D'Avilay tab. 1. p. 428. No. 962.
In the young state, this shell is very transparent and horny, the
aperture ovoid, and the margins smooth and level ; it has also seve-
ral longitudinal lines of bright blue colour, which extend from the
vertex down the back to the margin. According to Linnsus, these
should be four in number ; some authors say five, and Borlase men-
tions nine. The blue colour is disposed in spots in some specimens ;
in others In lines ; and again in some others in short and interrupted
dashes. LinnjEus observes that the bright blue colour has not been
found in any Shell except this.
The old shells are very different from the young ones, and have
been mistaken by some Authors for distinct species. The young shell
is remarkable for its pellucidity. The old ones are thicker and larger :
the aperture irregular : the vertex two-thirds of the shell ; and tlie
rays of blue, dusky. Fig. I. * represents the natural size.
The Shell is found on the coast of Cornwall, and on the Dorset
coast, near Weymouth. Martin, Sibbald, and Wallace, received it
from the western isles of Scotland and the Orkneys.
PLATE III.
PATELLA FISSURA.
^ SLIT-LJMPET,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Umax. Shell univalve, subconic, without spires.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Oval, Striated, reticulated. Vertex recurved, or bent back. A slit
in the anterior part.
Patella Fissura : testa ovali striato-reticulata : vertice recurvo, anterlus
fissa. Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. 3728. 192.
Patella Integra parva, alba, cancellata, fissura notabili in margine.
List. H. Conch, tab. 543.
Petiv. Gaz. tab. 15. Jig. 2.
Patella testa sulcato-reticulata, vertice recurvo, margine antice sursum
fisso. Muller-zool-dan. 1. ;?. 83. /. 24. /. 7. 9.
rar. 1. p. 51. prodr. 2864.
Patella fissura. Slit. Br. Zool. t. 90. /. 152. p. 144.
Da Costa Br. Conch. 11.5. tab. l.fig. 4.
Lepas d'eau douce reticule, avec une petite fente, ou entaille.
D'Avila, Cab. 1. p. 428. No. 962.
Found on the coasts of Cornwall and Devonshire.
4-
PLATE IV.
STROMBUS PES PELECANI.
corvorant's foot.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a slug. Shell univalve, spiral. The aperture much
dilated, and Up expanding into a groove.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Lip expanded, divided into four fingers or prongs.
Strombus Pes pelecani : testa labro tetradactylo palmato digitis
angulato, fauce lasvi. Gmel. — Lin. Syst. Nat. 3507. 2.
Cochlea testa longa acuminata, aperturae labro dilatato, duplici stria
antice sinuato. Lin. Fn. Suec. 1. p. 378. No. 1323.
Aporrhais Quadrifidus. Four-fingered. Aporrhais subfuscus, anfrac-
tibus nodosis, labro palmato quadrifido. Da Costa
Br. Conch. 136. 80. Tab. 7. fig. 7.
Buccinum bilingue striatum labro propatulo digitato. Lister H
Conch, tab. 8. &5. Jig. 20.
Strombus caualiculatus, rostratus, ore labioso, striatus, papillosus,
auritus aure admodum crassa, et in quatuor ap-
pendices breviores expansa, ex Candida cinereus.
Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. 53. Jig. A,
VOL. I. C
PLATE IV.
Aporrhais Edinburglcus minor nodoso. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 19. jig. 6.
—tab. 111. fig. 11.
Strombus Pes pelicani, Corvorant's foot. Perm. Br. ZooL No. 94.
tab. 15. fig. 94,
Aile de Chauve Souris femelle, Patte D'Oye, ou Hallebardc. D'Avila
Cab. p. 191. No. 344.
A very singular, but not uncommon shell on some of our coasts,
as Cornwall, Devonshire, Durham and Sussex. In Carnarvonshire
and Merionethshire, in Wales , on the coast of Scotland, and in
the Orkneys.
PLATE. V.
ttALIOTIS TUBERCULATA.
TUBERCULATED SEA EAR,
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Animal a slug. Shell univalve, dilated, or flat, almost open a row
of orifices its length, spire near one end turned in,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong-oval. Outside furrowed transversely, rugged, tuberculated.
Haliotis Tuberculata, testa subovata, dorso transversim rugoso
tuberculato. Gmel. — Linn. Sj/st. Nat. Cotk/i. p.
3687. sp. 2.
Auris marina, major profunde sulcata, magis depressa, fusco colore
obsita, intus argentea. Gualt. hid. Conch, tab. 69. Jig. 1.
Auris marina quibusdam : Patelli fera Rondoletii, X£<n:as aiysioc Aristo-
telis ; Mother of Pearl, Anglice. List. H. An, Angl.
p. 167. tit. 16. tab. 2>.fg. 16.
Tuberculated Sea Ear. Pennant Br.Zool. No. 144. tab. SS. Jig. 144.
Haliotis Vulgaris. Common Sea Ear. Da Costa^ Br, Conch, p, 15.
pi. 2. fig. 1,2.
Pennant says this species is frequently cast upon the southern coast
of Devonshire. It is common on the eastern coast of Sussex; and
on the coast of the isle of Guernsey. — It adheres like limpets, to the
rocks, when living.
vol.. I. I)
1
P L A T E VI.
X
CARDIUM ACULEATUM.
SPIKED COCKLE,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Two teeth near the beak ; and another remote one on each side of
the shell. •
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell nearly heart-shaped. Ribs high, sulcated down tlie middle, and
beset with long canaliculated spines.
Cardium AcuLEATUM : C. testa subcordata: sulcis convexis linea
exaratis: exterius aculeato ciliatis. — Qmel. Linn.
Sysi. Conch, p. 3247. 7.
Pectunculus maximus insigniter echinatus. Wallace, Orkney, p, 44.
Cceur de boeuf. Argenville. Conch, 1. p. 335, Jig. B.
Cceurdeboeuf Epineux. jyAvilla Cab, p. 355. No. 817.
Concha cordiformis aequilatera, umbone cardium unito, striata, striis
latis canal iculatis muricata aculeis longis et acutis,
aliquando recurvis in summitate striarum positis, al-
bida, et parvis macuHs luteis obscure fasciata. Gualt.
I, Conch, tab, 12, jig, A.
Cardium Aculeatum. Aculeated. Ptnn. Br.Zool,l31Jab.50.fg,3T.
Cardium Aculeatum, Spiked Cockle, A. Da Costa, Br, Conch, p, 175.
D 2
PLATE VI.
This is the largest of the Cardium, or Cockle genus, that inhabits
any of the British sliores. It is noted by Wallace as a Shell of the
Orkneys ; and also by Pennant, who likewise found it off the He-
brides. — It is a thick shell, with high radiated ribs, and beset with large
processes or spines that are hollowed. It Is covered with a fibrous
epidermis, of a blackish colour, varied with light browns ; the colour
beneath is white, with a faint tint of red, or rose colour. — Marginal
circumference ten inches and an half.
This Is one of the six rare species Da Costa could not procure for
his work, and to which he alludes in the preface*.
* I have described the shells from the objects themselves, except in six mitance:, where
I could not procure the originals to complete the series; in which case I have borrowed
them from authors of veracity; and the Reader will find those species distinguished by
Roman characters.
«i
r ^^
— - — -■_
-r ■
- - ^j^ — :__-j:^ -. .-..■
- •*''^"'
'■^ \ /
\ m
V .1^
---^-H
■ -x->-nw/\eirjr — jat^ Ml
I
PLATE VII.
LEPAS ANATIFERA.
ANATIFEROUS ACORN SHELL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal, triton. Shell of many unequal valves ; affixed by a stem.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell compressed, consists of five parts, affixed to a pedicle, or mem-
braneous tube.
Lepas Anatifera, testa compressa qulnquevalvl laevl pedunculo
insidente. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch, p. 3211. 13.
Balanus Anatifera compressus quinquevalvis laevls, t\ibo seu coUe
membranaceo Insidente. Da CostUy Br. Conch,
253.72. tab. IS.fg. 3.
Concha quinquevalvis compressa, tubulo quodam lignls aut algze ma-
rinas adhzerens ; animal sui generis multis cirrhis
instructum continens, false dicta anatifera. Sibbald.
Miis. p. 170. No 2.
Lepas testa compressa basi membrana cylindricea. Fn. Suec. I.
n. 1350.
Lepas Anatifera cum Tritone. Stalp. Obs. 2. p, 458, /. 15, Osb,
it. 82.
d3
PLATE VII.
Barnacle Shell, or Concha anadfera. Merref. Pin. p. 194.
Balanus Compressa, Flat centre Shell. Grexi). Mus. p. 148.
Wallace, Orkn. p. 45. fg. \.—Mus. Pedv. p. 82.
No. 802.
Anatiferous. Br.Zool. No. 9. tab. 3S. fig. 9.
Concha anatifera marfme Isve. List. H. Conch, tab. 440./^. 283.
/3 Concha anatifera subrotunda Bartholini. Lister. Conch, t. 439.
/. 280.
7 Tellina cancellifera striis minimis argutissime signata cinerea. Gualt.
testae, t. 106. /. B.
The Lepas Anatifera is found on the coasts of England and Ireland,
but more frequently on that of Scotland. It adheres by means of its
branches, or pedicles, to the bottoms of ships, planks, logs, and
other substances floating in the water.
This curious marine production consists of many unequal mem-
braneous branches, or arms, at the ends of which the Shells are dis-
posed in an Irregular manner; the larger clustering with the smaller in
groups, and forming bunches of various sizes. The branches are of a
fine red ; the Shells of a bluish violet. The animal within is a triton,
and is furnished with many civrhi, or tentacula, with which it takes
jrs food. These tentacula are pectinated like feathers, and hang out of
the Shells when open. In the sixteenth century they were, in fact,
supposed to be feathers, and hence arose the whimsical belief that a
barnacle produced z.goose'^. Nor was this a vulgar opinion only, ii
was saoctioned by the grave details of learned naturalists of that time,
• VJe Anas Albifions, tlate 102.— /i;j.'. Brit. Birds.
PLATE VII.
and particularly by Gerard*, whose observations are generally noticed
by authors, in describing this curious species.
* " What our eyes hfve seene, and hands have touched, we shall declare. There is
a small island in Lancashire called the Pile of Foulders, wherein are found the broken
pieces of old and bruised ships, some whereof have been cast thither by shipwrake, and
also the trunks and bodies with the branches of old and rotten trees, cast up there like-
wise 5 whereon is found a certaine spume, or froih, that in time breedeth unto certaine
shels, in shape like those of the muskle, but sharper pointed, and of a whitish colour,
wherin is contained a thing In form like a lace of silke finely woven, as it were, to-
gether, of a whitish colour; one end whereof Is fastened unto the inside of the
shell, even as the fish of oisters and muskles are : the other end is made fast unto the
belly of a rude masse, or lumpe, which in time commeth to the shape and form of a
bird. When it is perfectly formed, the shell gapeth open, and the first thing that ap-
peareth Is the foresaid lace or string; next come the legs of the bird, hanging out, and
as it groweth greater It openeth the shell by degrees, till at length it is all come forth,
and hangeth onely by the bill : in short space after it commeth to full maturitie, and
falleth Into the sea, where it gathereth feathers, and groweth to fowle bigger than a
Mallard and lesser than a Goose, having blacke legs and bill or beake, and feathers
blacke and white, spotted in such manner as Is our Magfie, called in some places a
Ple-Annet, which the people of Lancashire call by no other name than a tree Goose .-
which place aforesaid, and all those parts adjoyning, do so much abound therewith,
that one of the best is bought for three-pence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt,
may it please them to repaire unto me, and 1 shal! satisfie them by the restimcnie '<t
food witnesses." Vide Gerard's Hf.rbai., p 15S7, 158S.
D 4
f^
k
^^i
f' f
w
PLATE VIIL
FIG. I.
TROCHUS MAGUS.
TUBERCULATED TOP SHELL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a slug. Shell conic. Aperture nearly triangular.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Pyramidal somewhat depressed ; base umbillcated. The ridges of the
spires rising into distinct tubercles.
Trochus Magus, testa oblique umbillicata: convexa, anfractibus
supra obtuse nodulosis. — Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat.
Conch, p. 3567. — S>. 7.
Trochus acuminatus, crebris striis transverse et undatim dispositis
donatus. The wavy striated trochus, pearl-coloured.
Borlase Cornw. p. 278. tab. 2%. jig. 6.
T. magus tuberculated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 107. tab. SO.fg. 107.
Sabot sorciere. Argenville Conch. I. p. 263.
Trochus pyramidalis umblicatus, anfractibus supra marginatis, infra
nodulosis, albus, rubro variegatus. Tuberculatus.
Da Costa. 25. tab. 3. Jig. 1.1.
PLATE VIII.
This Shell is found on the coasts of Sussex, Dorset, Devonshire,
Cornwall, Wales, See. — It is an elegant species, commonly white,
variegated with zig-zag stiipes and waves of fine red, as shewn at
Fig. 1 . Sometimes, however, they are of a dull yellowish tint, in-
stead of white, with the stripes of a dark brown. The Shell is of a
rich pearl colour when the outer coat is taken off.
FIG. II. III.
TROCHUS CONULUS.
CONULE.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell conic, imperforated at the base. A prominent wreath along
the spires.
Trochus Conulus, testa imperforata conica, laevi, anfractibus linca
elevata interstinctis. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. p. 1230. No. 598.
Trochus pvramidalis parvus, ruberrimus, fasciis crebris cxasperatiis.
List. IJ. Conch, tab. 6\6.fig. 2.
T. Conulus. Comde. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 101. tab. SO. fig. 104.
Trochus Conulus, Conule. Da Coata, Br. Conch. 21. tab. 2.
fig. 4. 4.
Linnaus proposes tliis as a species, (Conulus); but at the samr
nme observes, it may be a small varietv of the Trochus Zizvpliinus,
PLATE VIII.
because, like that species, it is imperforated, and has a prominent
ridge on the whirls. Pennant says, it is scarcely distinct from T. Zizy-
phinus. Da Costa thinks it certainly a distinct species.
If the shell, Fig. 104. Pennant, is correct, it is of a larger grgwth
than any of our specimens. Da Costa says, the size seldom exceeds
that of a cherry kernel. Not uncommon on the shores of Sussex j
and has been received from the coast of Devonshire.
Fig. II. natiural fize. Fig. III. magnified.
i
J)
SJtf
PLATE IX.
SERPULA SPIRORBIS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a Terebella, or whlmble worm. Shell tubular, adheres to
other bodies, as shells, stones, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Small, orbicular, spiral or wreathed like a cornu ammonis ; convex
above, flat beneath.
Serpula Spirorbis, testa regulari splraliorbiculata : anfractibus supra
introrsura subcanaliculatis sensimque minoribus. —
Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat, Conch, p. 3740. 5.
Vermiculus exiguus albus nautiloides, algas fere adnascens. List. H.
Conch, tab. 533. — tab. 553. Iluddesford' s edition.
Very small Worm Shells. Dale, Harxv. p. 391. No. 2. and p. 455.
No. 2.
Depressed orbicular Cochleae on Alg^. Wallis. Northumb. J.
p. 402. iVo. 41.
Serpula Spirorbis, Spiral. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 155. tab. 91. Jig. 155.
Serpula Spirorbis, Spiral, Vermiculaire Nautiloide. — parva orbicu-
lata et Spirali, ammoniae instar convoluta. Dd
Costa Br. Conch. \2.-^tab. 2. fg. 11.
PLATE IX.
This species is found in abundance on most of the British shores j
it adheres to shells, stones, claws of lobsters, &c. but chiefly to the
leaves of Fucus serratus, and other sub-marine plants. It is a
strong Shell, white, and without polish; is never complicated, or
laid one on another, but are dispersed singly over whatever substances
they are afiixed to. Petiver calls it the Wrack Spangle, because it
appears like so many white spangles on the dark-coloured leaves of the
Wracks. — ^A piece of this sub-marine plant, with the Shells adhering
to it, is a very pleasing object for the opake microscope.
Fig. I. represents tlie natural size of the Shells. Fig. II. shews one
magnified.
Obs. Dr. Lister, in his original edition, ranked this Shell among the Worm-Shells (tab.
533- ^S* S-) calling it Nautlloides, only from its wreathed form like to a Nautilus^ but
his re-editor, the Rev. Mr. Huddesford, has been pleased to reverse the Doctor's ar-
rangcment., by transposing it to the Nautilus family, where it now is (tab. 553), and thereby
fixes an error of arrangement on Dr. Lister's memory, which that excellent and accurate
ccnchologist was not guilty of. Da Costa, f>age 23.
to
k \
^: -'M
.r '^^\
\
PLATE X.
PINNA MURICATA.
THORNY WING J OR SEA HAM,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Hinge without a tooth, and placed on one side. Valves equal; open,
or gape at the bottom.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell triangular, striated; the strise beset with acute, ovated, and
concave scales or prickles.
Pinna Muricata: testa striata, squamis concavis ovatis acutis.
Gmel. Lin. Syst. Nat. Conch, p. 3364. Sp. 4.
Pinna tenuis, striata, muricata. List. H. Conch, tab. 310. fg. 210.
Pinna fragilis. Brittle. Fcnn. Br. Zool. No. 80. tab. 59. Jig. 80.
Pinna. tenuis costis longitudinal ibus muricatis. Muricata, Thorny.
Da Costa, tab. 16. fg. 3. p. 240.
Pinna recta transversim et directe stiiata, et rugosa, striis in sumrai-
tate aculeis exasperatis, ex fusco rubro nigricans.
Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. 19. fig. D.
Seb. Mus. 3. t, 92. ser. 1./.
Concha Pinna. Hasselq. it. 447. n. 137.
Pinna lata altera. Hum/. Mas. t. 46./. M.
PLATE X.
Dr. Rutty mentions a Pinna ten inches long and five broad, caught
near the Skerries, in Ireland ; and Mr. Pennant " saw specimens of
vast Pinna, found among the farther Hebrides, in the collection of
Dr. Walker^ at Moffat " but it is uncertain of what species either
of these were : Mr. Pennant says, " they were very rugged on the
outside, but cannot recollect whether they were of the kind found in
the Mediterranean or West Indies*."
The only British species of Pinna we are acquainted with, Is the
P. Muricata of Linnaeus, or P. Fragilis of Pennant, and that is veiy
rare. The latter author describes it from a specimen in the Portland
cabinet, which had been fished up at Weymouth, in Dorsetshire. Da
Costa says, he has seen a very small one (of the same species) from the
coast of Wales. — Both of these are represented in the annexed plate.
This Shell Is extremely thin and brittle, and gapes open at the
broadest end. It is semi-pellucid, and of a horn colour ; the outside
marked with longitudinal ribs, roughened with rows of small prickles f.
The inside Is smooth, of a pale horn colour alfo, with a pearly lustre
towards the top.
* This Author, however, arranges U as a new Briti$h species, without farther d«*
scription: — as, Pinna Ingens — Great Nacie.
•\ In Pennant's figure these are obsolete.
11
PLATE XI.
BUCCINUM LAPILLUS.
MASSr, OR PURPLE WHELKE.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture oval, ending in a short canal.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Ovated, terminates in a sharp point, spirally ridged. Pillar Up broad,
BucciNUM Lapillus: testa ovata acuta striata lasvi, columella pla-
niuscula.— Zm. Si/st. Nat. p. 1202. No. 4C7.
Cochlea testa crassa ovata utrinque producta j spiris quinque splraliter
sulcatis; aperturae labro undulato. Faun. Siiec. p. 378.
No. 2167.
Buccinum minus, albidum, asperum, intra quinas spiras finitum. List.
H. An. Aug. p. 158. tit. 5. tab. 3. fg. 3.
Buccinum brevi rostrum supra modum ciassum, ventricosius, labro
denticulato : Purpura Anglicana. List. H. Conch.
tab. 965. fig. 18. — Et b. brevi rostrum, album den-
ticulo unico ad imam columellam. Purpura Angli-
cana. Fig. 1^.
Purple marking Whelke. Borlase Corn. p. 277. tab. 22>.fig.U.
English purple. Smith Cork. p. 318.
Horse wrinkles. Smith Waterford. p. 272.
Small purple Whelke. Wallis Northumb. p. 401 .
Buccinum lapillus, Massy. Penn. Br, Zool. 4. No 89. tab. 72./^. 89.
VOL. I. E
PLATE XI.
iBuccinum canaliculatum minus, crassum varicolor, striatum, scu
Purpura Anglicana. Purpuro-buccinum. Da
Costa Br. Conch, tab. 7 fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 9. 12.
This is a strong, thick shell, generally about one inch and a half in
length, of a full pyramidal shape, with a point acute ; it has five
spires, furrowed: the ridges of the lower wreath notched, or scaled,
and very rough. Within the mouth it has five long parallel teeth.
The colours are various, often of a simple and uniform yellowish
brown, sandy, or clay colour; sometimes quite white, or white
tinged with violet, and fasciated with yellow or brown ; the latter are
the most elegant varieties of B. Lapillus. — These shells are found in
great abundance near low water.-mark, on many of the shores of
Great-Britain. It is one of the species that yields the purple dye ana-
logous to the purpura of the ancients ; and though the value of its
dye has been long superseded by the cochineal insect, the shells that
produced it are objects of curiosity. The Tyrian purple was the most
admired, and is known to have been extracted from a species of the
Murex; but other purples of inferior lustre are also mentioned by
the ancients. Da Costa imagines that the liquor of this Whelke
(Buccinum Lapillus) was a valuable purple to the ancient English,
and quotes the authority of Bedc, who lived about the seventh cen-
tury, for this opinion. <' There are," says Bede^ " snails in very
great abundance, from which a scarlet or crimson dye is made, whose
elegant redness never fades, either by the heat of the sun, or the in-
juries of rain, but the older it is, the more elegant*."
* Sunt cochleae, satis superque abundantes, quibus tinctura coccinel coloris conficitur.
Cujus rubor pulcherrimus nuUo unquam solis ardore, nulla valet pluviarum injuria pal-
lesccrc 5 sed quo vetustior, eo solet esse venustior. — Bcdct Hist, EccUs. (edit, opt.) 1. i. c. i.
P 177.
I
PLATE XL
In 16S4, Mr. Cole, of Bristol, described the process of extractino-
the purple of this shell, in the Philosophical Transactions. Llis ac-
count is as follows :
" The Shells being harder than most of other kinds, are to be
broken with a smart stroke with a hammer, on a plate of iron, or firm
piece of timber (with their mouths downwards) so as not to crush the
body of the fish within; the broken pieces being picked ofF, there
will appear a white vein, lying transversely in a little furrow, or cleft,
next to the head of the fish, which must be digged out with the stiff
point of a horse-hair pencil, being made short and tapering. The
letters, figures, or what else shall be made on the linnen (and perhaps
silk too) will presently appear of a pleasant light green colour, and if
placed in the sun, will change into the following colours, i. e. if in
winter, about noon; if in summer, an hour or two after sun-rising,
and so much before setting; for, in the heat of the day in summer,
the colours will come on so fast, that the succession of each colour
will be scarcely distinguished. Next to the first light green, it will
appear of a deep green, and in a few minutes change into a sea-
green ; after which, in a few minutes more, it will alter into a
watchet-blue ; from that, in a little time more, it will be of a pur-
plish-red ; after which, lying an hour or two, (supposing the sun
still shining) it will be of a very deep purple-red, beyond which the
sun can do no more.
" But then the last and most beautiful colour, after washing in
scalding water and soap, will (the matter being again put into the sun
or wind to dry) be of a fair bright crimson, or near to the prince's
colour, which, afterwards, notwithstanding there is no use of any
stiptick to bind the colour, will continue the same, if well ordered,
PLATE XL
as I have fouftd in handkerchiefs that have been washed more than
forty times ; only it will be somewhat allayed from what it was after
the first washing. While the cloth so writ upon lies in the sun, it
will yield a very strong and foetid smell, as if garlick and assafcetida
were mixed together."
IX
^> i^ U'
0^
, PLATE XIL
OSTREA SUBRUFUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a Tethys, Shell bivalve unequal. The hinge without a tooth,
having a small oval cavity.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AKD
SYNONYMS.
Shell thin. Twenty longitudinal rays, finely striated ; ears unequal ;
colours various \ generally red.
Pecten TENUIS, subrufus, maculosus, circiter viginti striis majori-
bus, at laevibus, donatus. List. H. An. Angl.
/;. 85. tah. 5. fg. 30.
Pecten subrufus. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 63. tab. 60. fg. 63.
Pecten Pictus : mediocris, fere sequivalvis, tenuis, variis coloribus
perbelle variegatus. Da Costa. Br. Conch, p.
144. fp. 3.
Pectunculus pennatus striis dense notatus, luteo purpurascens. Pecten
altis striis albo purpurels transverse variegatis insignis ;
& Pectunculus purpurascens vittis albis circularibus
variegatus. Borlase Corww. p. 277. tab. 28. fg,
18, 21 and 22.
VOL. I.. F
PLATE XII.
"tills elegent species is found on several of the shores of Great Bri-
tain and Ireland, particularly those of Cornwall, Dorset, and Nor-
thumberland. It is generally about two inches and an half in length.
Shell thin and rather convex. The inside is smooth and glossy, and
commonly white, though sometimes of a brownish colour. The
colours of the outside very various and beautiful. Da Costa enume-
rates the chief varieties, as, ] . almost zvhitey and white charged with
brown, red, or purple ; 2. uniform bright yellow, and pale yellow^
with white ; 3. uniform brozon, and brown, red, or purplish grounds
with white, &c. all these colours are elegantly blended and variegated,
sometimes marbled or mottled or disposed in zones, girdles, broad
longitudinal rays, &:c.
Fig. 1 . represents a fine coloured specimen of the variegated red ,
and white kind. Fig. 2. The uniform deep orange, which we appre-
hend is less common.
y3
PLATE XIII.
HELIX NEMORALIS.
GIRDLED SNAIL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture or mouth contra6led and lunated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Imperforated, subrotund, thin, pellucid. Mouth semi-lunar ; generally-
girdled with streaks : and of various colours.
Helix Nemoralis : testa imperforata subrotunda iaevi diapliana
fasciata, apertura subrotundo-lunata. Linn,
Faun. Suec. 2186. — Gmel. Linn. Sj/sL Nat.
Conch, p. 3647. 108.
Cochlea citrina aut leucophsea, non raro unicolor, interdum tamen
unica, interdum etiam duobus, aut tribus, aut quatuor
plerumque vero quinis fasciis pullis distincta. List.H.
An. Angl. p. 116. tit. 3. tab. 2. fg. 3.
Cochlea imperforata, interdum unicolor, interdum varlis fasciis depicta. ,
Fasciata girdled. Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 76.
5p. 4 1 .
Helix Nemoralis, variegated. Penn. Br^ZooL No. 131^
F 2
PLATE XIII.
Prof. Gmelin, in the last edition of the Systema Naturae, enumerates
no less than thirty-one varieties of this beautiful land Shell. Da Costa
describes six principal varieties in his British Conchology *. Some of
the kinds are rare, others extremely common, hving in trees, hedges
and gardens. It is a widely diffused species being found in every part
of Europ^e as well as Great Britain.
♦ I. Uniform, of a pale citron colour, or yelIo7V of different shad a : the miuth finely
bordered within and without, with a dark brown, and with a brownish shac'e or cloud
on so much of the body wreath as lies within the mouth, or from the outer lip quite
across to the edge of the pillar. Pretty frequent.
2. Uniform, oC nfesh colour oi different shades, with the mouth in like manner bordered
with dark brown j and the body wreath also shaded exactly the same as the last. Not
■very frequent.
3. Uniform, of different degrees oi brown, with the same circumstances. Common.
4. 1 he ground yellow or greenish yelkw of dfferent shades, with a regular single fpiral
girdle, or according to the turn of the wreaths, in the very middle of each wreath, with
the brown border round the mouth, and the shade or cloud on the body. Pretty frequent.
5. the ground flcjh cohur of different shades, variegated in like manner with a single
girdle, the border round the mouth, and on the body. Not veryfnquent.
6. Mi.vy dark-brown spiral girdles on the yellow,fe/h, or brtnvnish grounds, sometimes to
fii-e girelks at least on the body wreath ; sometimes only four. Thefe girdles are of
different breadths, some being very narro^u, like streaks, others broader, like belts j
and others so extremely broad as to cover the parts, and make the ground colour only appear
in girdles. They are also not equidistant or regularly set ; but the very bruad girdles lie most
generally on the upper part of the shells. These girdled iorts are the most frequent or
common. Da C^sta Br. dnch, p. 78.
#%
i^
s?
PLATE XIV.
PATELLA VULGATA.
COMMON LIMPET.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Shell univalve, subconic, without spires,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong ovoid with about fourteen obsolete angles, margins deep or
dilated.
Patella Vulgata : testa subangulata : angulis quatuor decim
obsoletis margine dilato acuto . — Gmel. Linn.
Sj/st. Nat. Conch, p. 3691.—Sp. 23 fi
Schroet. n. Lit te rat 3. p. 62. ti. 117 y
Knorr. Vergn 6. /. 21. f. 8.
Patella integra ex livido cinerea, striata. Da Costa. B7\ Conch\
p. ?..pL X.jig. 1,2,8.
Patella ex livido cinerea striata. List. Hist. Anim. Angl. p. 195.
tit. 40. tab. 5. Jig. 40.
Patella Vulgata, Common. Penn. Br. Zool. 4: No. 145. tab. 89.
Jig. 145.
Patella integra. Klein, Ostracol. p. 115. §. 283. No. 10.
Lepas Argenville, p. 21.
F 3
PLATE XIV.
The Limpet is common on all the European fliores. The outside
is generally encrusted with filth, balani, &c. beneath which, it has
an epidermis of a blackish colour. The shells vary exceedingly in
colours, not only in the different stages of growth, but also In the
adult state. When young, the colours are remarkably vivid and
elegantly disposed ; the shell flat and the margins deeply crenated :
those of full growth are on the contrary very conic and the colours
less brilliant. The margins irregular and the ridges more obsolete.
Some authors have considered several varieties as distinct species.
Da Costa among others, deems the Patella depressa of Pennant,
no other than a young variety of the common kind.
i
15
^
^
^
PLATE XV.
•
JBUCCINUM LINEATUM,
LINEATED.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Whelkes whose mouths are cut short at top, for the gutter or beak
does not ascend, but bends and falls on the back, oblique or awry ,
exactly like the mouth of a soal or flat fifh. Da Costa.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Small, pyramidal, or sharp pointed at bottom. Dark brown, lineateJ
fpirally with white.
BucciNUM LiNEATUM ; recurvirostrum minimum pullum, lineis
albidis spiraliter distinctum. Da Costa,
Br. Conch, p. 130. sj). 77.
This species is found in great abundance on the coast of Cornwall.
The annexed plate exhibits several magnified figures of the most ele -
gant varieties, together with the natural size.
F 4
16-
•
«
^^m-
9'
9 $
PLATE XVI.
FIG. I.
NERITA PALLIDULUS.
PALE NERJT,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Globose. Aperture semiorbicular.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
Semitransparent. Wreaths rather prominent. Mouth semilunar,
very patulous. Umbilicus large.
Nerita Corneus, spira paululum exsCTta. Pallidulus Da Costa, p. 51.
Sp. 29.
Da Costa says *' This species is rare, for I have only received
some few shells from the coasts of Kent and Dorset." He also con-
siders it an undescribed shell.
PLATE Xyi.
FIG. II. II.
NERITA FLUVIATILIS.
RIVER NERIT.
SPEDIFIC CHARACTER,
AND
SYNONYMS,
Small, spotted, streaked, and reticulated.
Nerita Fluvtatilis ; N. testa rugosa labiis edentulis. — Zinre,
Sj/st. Nat. p. 125. 3. No. 723.
Nerita parvus fiuviatills, elegantur maculatus, fasciatus, aut reticu-
culatus. Flaviatilis. J)a Costa Br. Conch.
p. ^.S. Sp. 21.
Nerita fluviatilis, e cceruleo vlrescens, maculatus, operculo sub-
rufo lunaro et aculeate datus. List. H. An.
Angl. p. 136. tit. 20. tab, 2. fig. 20.
Nerita fluv. exiguus, recticulate variegatus. Small netted Thames
nerit. Muf. Petiv. p. 67. No. 718.
Nerita fluviatilis, River. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 142. tab. SI. fig. 142.
This species is very frequent in rivers. It is small ; of an ovoid
shape, and very elegantly variegated with black, white, red, green,
Sec. — ^The star denotes the natural size of the shell.
PLATE XVII.
VENUS CHIONE.
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth ; two near each other
the third divergent from the bealcs.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell smooth with fine transverse wrinkles, a strong cartilao-e on one
slope, and a long pointed oval depression on the other.
Venus Chione : testa transverse subrugosa laevi, cardinis dente pos-^
teriori lanceolato. Gmel, Linn. Si/st. Nat. Conch,
p. 3272. sp. 16.
P. Glaber, Smooth Pectunculus major crassus, politus, castaneus,
lucide radiatus. Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 184.
sp. 22.
Pectunculus maximus crassus, laevis fere radiatus. Mus. Petiv. p.
86. No. 833. — Curvirostrum. Leigh. Lanca-
shire, tab. 3. Jig. 5.
Venus Chione, /3 Rumf. Mus. t. 42./. G.
Venus Chinone, 7 Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 33./. 334.
" This species," says Da Costa, " is rare in England. I found
it at Mount's Bay ii^ Cornwall, where the fifliermen told me they call
PLATE XVII.
it Queen Fish ; it is also found near Fowey and other shores of that
county. I have seen some from Weymouth^ and Mr. Petiver received
it from the ifland of Purbeck, in Dorsetshire. Dr. Leigh mentions
that it is got on tlie coasts of Cheshire."
Pennant has not noticed this Shell. Linnaeus described it as an
Asiatic species in the Systema Naturae, but adds it is perhaps an Eu-
ropean species also. In the last edition by Gmelin, it stands expressly
as a British Shell. Habitat in Man Britannico, &(c.
This Shell is thick, strong and heavy : the outside smooth and
glossy, with numerous concentric transverse wrinkles, and several
faint rays in a longitudinal direction. The margins are plain. The
jnside milk white and glossy.
IS
PLATE XVIII.
' TURBO FASCIATUS.
FASCIATED.
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Animal Llmax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture
somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Six spires. White marbled or fasciated with black.
Turbo Fasciatus. Fasciated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 119. tab,
S2.fg. 119.
Buccimim exiguum fasciatum et radiatum. List. H. Conch, tab.
I9.fg.4.
This is one of the six species Da Costa marks with a roman letter,
because he could not procure the originals to figure and describe iti
the British Conchology. It is figured in the British Zoology of
Pennant, who says it is very frequent in Ai^glefoa, in sandy soils
near the coast.
mw
':P^\'^
PLATE XIX.
FIG. I. I.
TELLINA BIMACULATA.
DOUBLE SPOT TELLEN.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge usually furnifhed with three teeth. Shell generally sloping
on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
AND
SYNONYMS.
Subrotundand somewhat triangular, smooth and whitish. Two ob-
long sanguineous red spots on the inside.
Tellina Bimaculata : testa triangulo-subrotunda latlore laevi
albida : intus maculis duabus sanguineis
oblongis. Liim. F. Suec. 11. No.
2135.—^. N.J). 1120.
T. minima Isevis alba, Intus maculis duabus sanguineis oblongis no-
tata. Binaculata. Da Costa. Rr. Conch, p.
213. 45.
This singular species is found on the shores of Lancashire and
Hampshire. 1
i»LATE XIX.
FIG. II. II.
TELLINA TENUIS.
THIN tellen:
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Thin. Subrotund, glossy ; — colour sometimes red
Tellina Planata: Concha testa subrotunda glabra incarnata.
Limi. F. Suec. l.p.SSl. No. 1335.
Tellina tcsta-ovata compressa, transversim substriata laevi : margl-
nibus acutis, Sec. S. N.p.llll. No. 52.
Tellina valde tenuis, parva, subrotunda, plerumque rubra. Tenuis
Thin. Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 210. Sp. 43.
Tellina parva, intus rubra, ad alterum latus sinuosa. List. Conch .
tab. 405./^. 250.
Tellina laevis intus et extra rubra, ad latus sinuosa. lb. Jig. 251.
Tellina planata. Plain. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 29. tab. 4:8. Jg. 29.
Found on many of our shores, as Kent, Essex, Cornwall, &c.
Some of the varieties are extremely delicate, and prettily streaked
with pale red and white : many are entirely white, or white tinged
with yellow. Some are orange colour ; but the rarest kind is deep
violet or purple.
%
, PLATE XX.
FIG. I. I.
NERITA GLAUCINA.
■ CHAIN NERIT.
* GENERIC CHARACTER.
Globose. Aperture semiorbicular.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Umbilicated, glossy. Spires swelled, obtuse. Umbilicus large and
deep with the inner lip greatly spread on the body wreath. A chain
of short brown marks along the spires. .
Nerita Glaucina : testa umbilicata Isevi, spira obtusiuscula, um-
bilico semiclauso : labio gibbo dicolore. Linn.
Sj/st. Nat. p. 1251. No. 716.
Nerita Glaucina. Livid. l^enn. Br. Zool. No. 141. tab. 87.
fg' 141.
Cochlea Catena. Chain Nerit. C. Uinbilicata albo rufescens fasciis
maculatis, maxime ad imos orbes distincta. Da
Costa, Br. Conch, p. 83 sp. 45.
This Shell is not uncommon on the shores of the Essex and Kentish
coasts ; on the sandy shores of Lincolnshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire,
VOL. I. &
PLATE XX.
Cornv/all, Src. llie same species is found in the Mediterranean and
the West Indies. The colours are very fine, particularly in the young
Shells.
FIG. II. II.
NERITA LITTORALIS,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell thick, smooth vertex flat. Inner lip spread obliquely.
Nerita LiTTORALis ; T. telhi la:vi, vertice carioso, labiis edentulis,
Lin. Sj/st. Xat. p. 1253. No. 724.
Xcrita vulgaris, unlcolor, flavus aurantiacus, vel fuscus, aut fasciatus,
aut rcticulatim variegatus. Littoralis.
Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 50. $p. 28.
List. H. Conch, tab. 697, Jig. 39.
Nerita Littoralis. Strand. Pen. Br. Zool. No. 143. tab. Sl.fg. 143.
This Shell is very common on all the British coasts, particularly
the fine yellow kinds. I'hose with broad bands or girdles, and also
such as are reticulated with dark greenish colour on a light ground,
are rare varieties of this species.
11
PLATE XXL
PATELLA HUNGARICA.
LARGE fool's CAP,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Shell univalve, subconic, without spires.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND I
SYNONYMS.
Shell entire, conic, acuminated, striated, with the vertex turning down,
or hanging over one side.
Patella Ungarica : testa Integra conlco acuminata striata vertice
hamoso revoluto. Linn. Si/st. Nat. p. 1259.
No. 761.
Patella Hungarica, Bonnet. Pemi. Br. Zool. No. 147. tab,
90. Jig . 147.
Patella Integra, albescens, striata, vertlce splrall, intus rosacea. Da
Costa, Br. Conch, p. 12. sp. 6.
Lepas Bonnet de Dragon, D'Avila, Cab, I. p. 86. 87. No. 32. 34.
" This species Is only found on tlie Cornish coast, and even Is very-
scarce there, being most generally dredged some miles from the shore ;
for the Shell is so thin, that it will hardly bear rolling from its native
spot to the beach. It is generally found affixed to a species of escal-
lops, called /rz7/^, in Cornwall." Da Costa,
PLATE XXI.
FIG. 11. II.
PATELLA PARVA.
SMALL LIMPET,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell small, entire, without gloss, whitish, faintly rayed with red.
Patella Parva: Integra, parva, sublsevis, albescens radiis ruben-
tibus. Da Costa Br. Conch, p. 7. sp. 3.
Da Costa considers this as a nondescript species ; he received
several specimens of it from the coasts of Dorsetshire, but never
from any other of the British shores, and therefore proposes it as a
scarce Shell.
It is rather larger than a pea, thin, and semipellucid ; of a depressed
conic shape, and the vertex inclining very much to one side. The
inside is whitish, outside the same, with a few longitudinal rays of
pale red, or purplish brown.
VOL. I. H
PLATE XXI.
FIG. III. III.
PATELLA RETICULATA.
RETICULATED MASK LIMPET.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Small, ash colour, reticulated. Vertex perforated.
P. Larva reticulata. Patella parva cinerea, vertice perforata.
Da Costa Br. Conch, p. 14. sp. 7.
Patella Gr.-eca. Striated. Pcnn. Br. Zool. No. 153. tab.
89. fg. 153.
Patella clathrata. Klein. Ostrac. p. 116. — 284. No. 2.
List. H. Conch, tab. 527. fg. 2. ?
Pennant says, this species inhabits the west of England. The
specimens in Da Costa's collection were also fished up near Wey-
mouth, in Dorsetshire. This is a rare Shell, and is not known to in-
habit any other of the British coasts.
This Shell is about three quarters of an inch in length, half an
inch in breadth, and one quarter of an inch in heighth. The out-
side is deeply reticulated, or wrought with prominent longitudinal and
transverse ridges.^ The vertex inclines to one end, and is perforated ;
its aperture is of an oblong form, and about one tenth of an inch ift
length.
PLATE XXII.
FIG. I. L
TURBO CINCTUS.
GIRDLED WREATH SHELL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Apertwre
somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
SYNONYMS.
Whitish, variegated with brown. Spires swelled ana ridged: two
particularly large, broad, roundish ridges, in the middle of each
spire.
Turbo Cinctus : strombiformis medius albus pullo varlegatus,
anfractibus porcis tumidis latis & spirabilibus
cinctus. Da Costa Brit. Conch, p. 114:. sp. 66.
Tab. l.fg. 8.
Turbo Exoletus. Linn. Si/st. Nat. ?
This is a very rare Shell. Da Costa says he has received It only
from the coasts of Lincolnshire and Lancashire.
H 2
PLATE XXII.
FIG. II. II. II.
TURBO TEREBRA.
AUGER SHELL.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell slender. Spires twelve, striated spirally. Six of the slri^
rather prominent.
Turbo Terebra: testa turrita anfractibus carinis sex acutis.
Gmel. Linn. Sijst. Nat. Conch, p. 3608.
sp. 8 1 .
Cochlea testa longa subulata, spiris, duodecim striatis. Linn. Faun,
Stiec. 1. p. 378. No. 1322. 2. A^o. 2171.
Buccinum tenue, dense striatum, duodecim minimum spiris donatum.
List. LI. An Angl. p. 161. tit. tab. 3. Jig. 8.
Strombiformis medius albus nifo varlegatus, anfractibus striatis. Te-
rebra. Da Costa Brit. Conch, p. 112. sp. 65.
Turbo Terebra. Auger. Penn. Br. Zuol. No. 113. tal). 81. fg.
113.
The colours in this species vary exceedingly ; the ground colour
is generally white, or cream colour, with the streaks, dots, and
liiarkings of brown, jiale red, or orange. The length is from one
inch and an half to two inches or more.
PLATE XXII.
It is not uncommon on many of the British coasts *. Adanson
has a variety of it ((3) from Senegal ; and other authors mention tho
same species as a native of the East Indian and African seas.
* This species is not uncommon on many of our coasts, and in great plenty on some,
as at the Scilly Islands ; at Li-verpool, where they are called Cockspurs ; at Scarborough,
after winter storms, according to Lister ; at Exmouth, and other places on the western
shores; and I have received very fine and perfect ones from the coasts of Wales, as
Flintihirc, Pivlkc'y in Carnar-vonshin; and Bannoutb in Merionethshire. It is also a Shell of
the Orkneys. Da Costa.
H 3
%6
PLATE XXIII.
MYTILUS MODIOLUS.
GREAT MUSCLE.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell large, blackish : one side angulated near tlic middle, the other
straight ; but gibbous towards the beaks, and blunted or obtuse at
the upper end.
Mytilus Modiolus ; testa laevi, margine anteriore carinato, natibus
gibbis, cardine sublaterali. — Gmel. Linn.
Si/st. Nat. Conch, p. 3354. Sp. 14.
Mytilus magnus nigrescens. Modiolus. Da Coda. Br. Conch.
p. 219. sp. 49. tab. 15. fig. 5.
Musculus papuanus authorum. Humph. Miis. tab. A^Q.jig. B.
M. Modiolus, Great Mufcle. Penn. Br. Zool. p. 1 13. 77. tab. 46.
fg. 77.
Musculus papaunus. Adajis. Seneg. 1. t. 12. f. C.
List. IL Conch, tab. 359. fg. 198.
Giialt. test. t. 91. LI. L.
Bumph. Mas. t. 46. /. B. C? Z>?
H 4
PLATE XXIIII.
My tilus Modiolus is the largest species of this genus that inhabits the
British shores ; being from six to seven inches in length, and three in
breadth. It is a strong and heavy shell ; the outside is of a blackish
colour inclining to purple. It is covered with a thin filmy brown
epidermis, and often with balani and other remains of crustaceous
animals. Within, it is smooth and pearly, and sometimes richly
coloured with a variety of vivid hues, in which red, purple and green
chiefly predominate. These shells lie only in deep waters, and are
never cast upon shore ; but sometimes they seize the bait of the
ground lines, and are hauled up by the fishermen.
Da Costa received the M. Modiolus, of a fmall size, from the
Margate flats in Kent ; from Cornwall and other English shores.
The specimen figured in the annexed Plate is from Scarborough in
Yorkshire ; thofe found on the coast of Wales and Scotland, and
particularly the Orkneys, are not inferior in point of size to those
from Scarborough.
i.^
i
PLATE XXIV.
PONAX CRENULATA.
PURPLE or TRVNCAIED PURR.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve. One side very obtuse, margin crenated. Hinge various,
generally of two teeth.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
One side very blunt or truncated : thickly striated longitudinally.
Margin serrated.
DoNAX RUGOSA : testa antice rugosa gibba, inarginibus crenatls.
Linn. Sj/st. Nat. p. 1127. A^o. 104. Mus.
reg. p. 494. No. 50.
DoNAX DENTicuLATA : testa anterius obtusissima : labils transverse
rugosis, margine denticulato, nymphis den-
tiformibus. Gmel. Linn. Sj/sf. Nat. Conch,
p. 3263. sp. 6.
Cuneus ex albo & violaceo radiatus, intus vero violaceus, latere altero
gibbo & truncato. Truncatus. Truncated
Purr. J)a Costa, Br. Conch, p. 205. sp. 40.
Tellina intus ex viola purpurascens, in ambitu serrata. List. Jlist.
An 'Angl. p. 190. ///. 35. tab. 5. Jig. 35.
PLATE XXIV.
Tellina crassa, admodum leviter striata, intus violacea. List. II.
Conch, tab. '315. Jig. 216.-376. — 218. 219.
DoNAx DENTicuLATA. Piirplc. Pcmi. Bv. Zool. No. 46.
This is a very elegant and remarkable species : the annexed Plate
exhibits five of its most singular varieties. The young shells are
sometimes quite white, or white faintly marked with brown, red or
violet ; the old shells are of a deep violet without, and variously
marked with the same on the outside. Veiy common on the western
coasts of England, and also on those of Ireland and Scotland,
XO
, PLATE XXV.
FIG. I. I.
MYTILUS DISCORS,
DIVIDED MUSCLE.
*
GENERIC CHARACTER,
The hinge toothlefs, and consits of a longltuJInal furrow.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell oval, somewhat diaphanous and horny. Outside divided into
three compartments ; the two exterior striated longitudinally ; the
middle transversely, with extremely fine strise.
Mytillus Discors : testa ovali cornea subdiaphana, antice lon-
gitudinaliter posterius transversaliter striata. —
Gmel, Linn. Sj/sL Nut. Conch, p. 3356.
sp. 21.
Mytillus minor tenuis areis tribus distinctus. Discors. Da Costa,
Br. Conch, p. 221. sp.51.
The discovery of this rare species on our coast, is ascribed by
Da Costa to Dr. Richard Pultney, F. R. S. of Blandford in Dorfet-
shire ; he found it on an ascidia at Weymouth in that county. It
PLATE XXV.
has also been met with In Greenland, Iceland, and Norway ; and is
likewise noted as a native of the Southern Ocean *.
The shell found on the British coast is very small, brittle, and femi-
transparent. The outside is of a brownish or rosy colour, tinged
with green. The inside smooth, glossy, and somewhat pearly.
* <rw<?/;«.— Probably this variety found in the South Seas is that which Da Costa
notices in his description of* Mytilus discors. " All that Linne has seen,'"'' (of Mytilus
discors) " as well as all those found on our coast:, are very small, thin, and delicate ;
but a kind no wise different, except in sme and colour, being larger than a great walnut,
and quite brown, was brought from the southern hemisphere by that great and national
honor, Capt. Cook, the circumnavigator, in the late expedition for the discoveries of
new countries. These also were entirely unknown to all our collectors ; and, as they
only differ in Si'cc, thkhief^, and colour, but arc exactly the same in structure, way of
life, and other particulars as thefe of our coasts, is it a distinct species or variity only ?"— -
As a figure of this very analogous kind may be acceptable, it is introduced in the annexed
Plate at fig. 2.
2.0
^ PLATE XXVL
ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM.
LARGER OR ONION-PEEL ANOMIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve. Valves unequal: one gibbous towards tlic beak, the other
flat, and perforated near the hinge.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Roundish : pellucid, much wrinkled. Flat valve perforated.
Anomia Ephippium ; testa suborbiculata rugosa plicata planiore
perforata. Gmel. Lin. Syst. Nat. Concha
p. 3340. sp. 3.
Anomia. Subrotunda plicata pellucida levis, valva planiore perforata.
Tunica cep:c. Da Costa. Br. Conch, p.
165. fab. W.Jig. 3.
Iluitre. Pelure d'oignon. Angenv. Conch. 2. p. 316. tab. 22.
Jig. C. 11. p. 277. tab. 19. fg. C.
The perforated Oyster. Fetiv. Mas. p. S5. No. 823.
Anomia Ephippium, larger. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 70. tab. 6'2.
PLATE XXVr.
The Anomia Ephippium is frequently found on the common oyster,
to the shell of which it adheres by means of a strong tendinous liga-
ture, which passes through the perforation of the upper valve. This
Shell is of an irregular form ; the outside rugged and filmy ; the in-
side smooth, pearly, and glowing with a variety of elegant tints.
In different specimens the colours vary considerably, some being of
a rich purple, others pale red, brown, or dqep yellow, and all with a
silvery hue.
.7
PLATE XXVIL
BULLA LIGNARIA.
fVOOD DIPPER.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Shell sub-oval. Aperture oblong, very patulous, and smooth or
even. One end rather convoluted.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong, oval, narrow towards one end, and somewhat umbillcated,
(or rather convoluted). Striated transversely.
Bulla LiGNARiA : testa obovata oblongiuscula transverse striata,
vertice subumbllicato. Linn. Sijst. Nat.
Bulla Lignaria major, leviter et dense transverse striata. Da
Costa. Br. Conch, p. 26. sp. 14. tab. I. Jig. 9.
Concha veneris major, leviter et dense striata. List. H. Conch, tab.
11^. fg. 71.
Bulla lignaria. Wood. Penn. Brit. Zool. A'^o. S3, tab. 10. fig. 83.
Oublie, ou papier roule, tonne a bouche entiere, D^Avila. Cab.
p. 206, iSo. 3S7.
This species is not very common. It is found on the coasts of
Cornwall, Devonshire, and Dorsetshire, and also on several of the
coasts of Ireland.
PLATE XXVII.
The length is generally from one inch and an half to two inches ;
the shell is brittle and without gloss, of a light, brownish colour,
wrought transversely, with fine striae, and many narrow whitish
veins. Its Latin and English names are derived from its supposed
resemblance to a piece of veined wood.
This Shell is very open ; its animal a slug.
2.&
m
^^
#
PLATE XXVIII.
TURBO CLATHRATUS.
BARRED or FALSE fFENTLETRAP,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Llmax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture
Somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell taper, without umbilicus. Spires swelled and separated by a
deep channel. Several regular elevated ribs or ridges extend in a
longitudinal direction from the aperture to the apex.
Turbo Clathratus : testa turrita ex umbllicata : anfractlbus
contignis Isevlbus. Gmel. Lin. Sj/st. Nat.
Conch, p. 3603. ip. 63. — Faun. Suec,
2170.
Strombiformls minor albus aut pullo variegatus, costis longitudlnalibus
elatls eleganter distlnctus. Clathratus. Da
Costa, Br. Conch, p. 115. sp. 67. tab. 1. Jig. 11.
Cochlea variegata, striis raris admodum eminentlbus exasperatae.
List. II. Conch, tab. 588. jig. 51.
Turbo Clathratus. Barred Wentletrap. Penn, Br. Zool. No. HI.
tab.Sl.fg. 111. 111. v^.
Fausse scalata. B'Avila, p. 221. No. 427.
VOL. I. I
PLATE XXVIII.
This is one of the most singular species that is found on the British
coasts. It is very analagous to the famous Scalaris or Wentletrap of
the East Indies, which bears such a high price amongst Conchologists ;
and from this analogy it is called the False Wentletrap. Its length is
about an inch, and sometimes two inches or even more. The mouth is
perfectly round, and bordered with a thick ring ; from this ring arise
several distinct equi-distant prominent ridges, generally eight in
number, which extend the whole length of the shell in an obliquely
longitudinal direction. These ridges appear the more remarkable
and prominent, as the spires are very convex or swelled, and sepa-
rated from each other by a deep spiral channel. The colour of
most specimens is milk white, but is sometimes obscured with brown,
or marked transversely with distinct circles of ferruginous interrupted
lines.
Turbo Clathratus is found on several of the British coasts.
29
PLATE XXIX.
FIG. I.
DONAX TRUNCULUS.
RIBBAND,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve. Frontal margin very blunt.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell shallow, glossy. Outside fasclated with brown and purple.
Inside purple. Margin crenated.
DoNAx TRUNCULUS : testa antice laevl intus vlolacea, marginibus
crenatls. Linn. Si/st. Nat.
Telllna subfusca angustlor, inter purpurascens. List. H. Conch.
tab. 376. fg. 217.
Cuneus angustlor Izevis subfuscus vittls purpurascentlbus fasclatus
vittatus. Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 207. sp. 41.
Donax trunculus. Yellow. Pcnn. Br. Zool. No. 43. tab. 55
fig' 45.
This pretty species is about one inch and a half in length. It Is
found on the coasts of Essex, Sussex and Cornwall, and also on
those of Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
PLATE XXIX,
F I G. II.
DONAX IRUS.
lOLJATED purr:
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Oval. Outside rugged or wrinkled transversely with numerous raised
membranous waved laminae or foliations.
DoNAx Irus : testa ovali, rugis membranaceis erectis striatis cincta.
Cuneus parvus albescens, rugis foliaceis et membranaceis erectis
transversim cinctus. Foliatus. Da Costa. Brit.
Conch, p. 204. — Sp. 39. tab. 15. Jig. 6.
Found in abundance in Cornwall buried in the sands, and not
uncommon on the shores of Dorsetshire.
50
PLATE XXX.
FIG. I.
LEPAS BALANUS.
RIDGED ACORN SHELL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Triton. Shell of many unequal valves ; affixed by a stem.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell conic, deeply furrowed, or wrought with prominent longi-
tudinal ridges. Operculum fliarp pointed.
Lepas Balanus : testa conica sulcata fixa, operculis acumunatis.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1 107.
Balanus majusculus valvis porcatis. Porcatus. Da Costa, Br.
Conch, p. 249. sp. 69.
frequent on the British coasts, adhering to rocks, shells, &c.—
It is a large and flrong species, being seldom less than the size of a
filbert, of a conic form and rugged appearance, and is wrought with
very prominent longitudinal ridges.
TOL. I. K
PLATE XXX.
FIG. 11.
LEPAS COSTATA.
RIBBED ACORN SHELL.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell somewhat conic. Ribs equidirtant and diverging from the
aperture. Operculum sharp pointed.
Lepas Costata : testa subconica operculis acutis: valvulis costatis.
This curious and rare species, which has not been hitherto de-
scribed or figured, was found by the late T. Adams, Esq. of Pem-
broke, adhering to pieces of broken rock, and is in the pofTeflion of
the Rev. T. Rackett, of Spetisbury, Dorset, to whose liberality wc
indebted for figures of this, and several other Britifli fliells not in-
cluded in our own collection.
FIG. III.
LEPAS CONOIDES.
SPECIFIC CHARACIER.
Conic. Smooth, valves pointed at the apex : aperture very small.
Lepas Conoides : testa conica IcEvi valvulis acumlnatis, apertura
ansfustiflima.
Found by Mr. Bryer of Weymouth, affixed to the Lepas anatifera.
M
PLATE XXXr.
MUREX DESPECTUS.
THE LARGE OT DESPISED WHELK,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait and somewhat pro-
duced gutter or canaUculation.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Mouth wide, oval and somewhat elongated and cancellated at the
upper end. Spires eight.
MuREx Des PECTUS : testa paiulo subcaudata oblonga anfra6libus
odio. Gmcl. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3547.
Buccinum album lasve, maximum, septem minimum spirarum.
List. H. Jn. Angl. p. 155. tit. 1. tab. 3.
fig' 1-
Buccinum rostratum majus crassum, orbibus paululum pulvinatis.
List. H. Conch, tab. 913. Jig. 4.
Murex ■ Despe£lus. Despised. Perm. Br. Zool. t. IS. Jig. 93,
Buccinum canaliculatum magnum crassum striatum album. Mag-
num. J)a Costa tab. 6.Jig.4:. p. 120.
This is the largest of the turbinated univalves found in the British
Seas. It inhabits deep water, and is said to be a common shell on tlie
K 2
PLATE XXXI.
Essex, Sussex, and many other of the Englilli sliores as well as In
Scotland, tlie Orkneys and many of the Irish shores also. On the
Dorset coast it is rare.
It is frequently drawn up with oysters, and Is sometimes eaten ;
but as it is coarse food, it more commonly furniflies bait to fiflier-
men.
The largest shells of this sort, found in our seas, sometimes ex-
ceeds five inches in length ; it Is a strong, thick, and heavy shell ; of
a whitifli colour on the outfide; within of a most lovely yellow,
inclining to orange, smooth, and very gloffy.
l^
mm,,
mm
plate: XXXII.
FIG. I.
CARDIUM MEDIUM.
pigeon's heart cockle,
GEKERIC CHARACTER.
Two teeth near the beak ; and another remote one on each fide of
the shell.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and furrowed longitudinally, retusc
on one fide.
CTardium Medium : testa subcordata, antice retusa longitudinal!-.
ter striato sulcata. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. n. 77.
J?. 1122. List. Conch, t. 316. Jig. 152. Gualt.
t. 83. /. b, Chemn, Conch, t. 16- fig. 162.—
165.
This shell has not hitherto been noticed as of Englifli growth.
Our specimen, which differs in no respedl from those found in the
Meditenanean sea, was found near Hartlepoole, on the co^st of
Durham.
K 3
PLATE XXXII.
FIG. II.
CARDIUM CILIARE.
FRINGED COCKLE.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell roundish, inclining to heart shape. Ribs longitudinal, trian-
gular, and beset along the ridges with thin spines.
Cardium Ciliare : testa subcordata, sulcis elevatis triquetris:
extiinis aculeate clliatis. Liniu Si/st. Nat.
p. 1122. 80.
Pectunculus albus exiguus, muricibus insigniter exasperatus. JFal^
lace Orkn. p. 44.
Pectunculus minimus triquetrus Essexiensis. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 93.
Cardium parvym tenue, costis triquetrls aculeatls. Parvum. J)f»
Costa Brit. Conch, p. 177. 17.
Pennant describes this species as having eighteen ribs, and Da Costa
about fifteen ; we have specimens that agree, in this respect, with
the descriptions of both authors. Tlie shell figured by the firfl: is the
size of a hazel nut ; the latter says, he has never seen it larger than a
nutmeg : a worn shell, with the habit of this species, that has been
found since, is full twice that size.
This delicate shell is found on several of oyr coasts, as Cornwall^
Dorsetshire, and Devonshire ; alfo in the Orkneys.
PLATE XXXII.
FIG. III. III.
CARDIUM PYGM^UM.
PYGMY COCKLE.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Nearly heart-shaped, somewhat angulated, furrows imbricated or
beset with rccurvated scales.
Cardium PYGMiEUM : testa subcordata, subangulata, sulcis recur-
vato imbricatis.
Cardium exiguum. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3255, sp. 37 ?
List. Conch, t. 311. f. 154.
Testacea minuta rariora t- 3. /. 83.
Size of a large currant, of a reddifli brown, or sometimes whitish
colour.
Found in Kent, and at Falmouth, in CornwaU
K If
d
3
4
I
PLATE XXXIII.
^ FIG. I. IT.
TURBO LITI'OREUS.
COMMON PERIJVINKLE,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal LImax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture some-
what compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell with five spires ; the firfl much swelled, the turban tapering
and sharp pointed ; striated spirally. Lip thin, and much spread on
the pillar.
Turbo Littoreus : testa subovate acuta striata, margine columnari
piano. Li7in. Syst. Nat. p. 1232. No. 607.-
Fn. Sv. 2. 2169.
Turbo Littoreusj Periwinkle. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 109. tab. 81.
fg. 109.
Turbo-pyramidalis crussus fuscus, striis crebris prseditus. Littoreus.
Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 98. 55.
It is needless to enter into detail on a species so well known as the
Common Periwinkle ; yet it may be proper to observe, these shells,
in many instances, vary considerably. The young shells are reddish,
PLATE XXXIII.
whitish, yellowish, or brown, of various hues, sometimes uniform, or
without any markings ; at others, girdled spirally with darker colours.
The adults also are sometimes bright red, orange, chesnut, or whitish,
or olive, with, and sometimes without, the spiral lineations. They
vary no less in size than in colours ; and those of the Orkneys, in par-
ticular, are quadruple, the size of those on the Irish or English coast.
It is said, the name Periwinkle is a corruption of Petty Winkle^ or
small Winkle, or Whelk.
Fig. I. I., &c. Adult vanities of Turbo Littoreus. Fig. II. II.
tlie young shells.
FIG. III. Ill,
TURBO RUDIS.
THICK-LIFPED PERIWINKLE^
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell somewhat tapering, without umbilicus. Volutions of the spires,
or turban swelled. Lip thick, and glossy within.
This shell has been kindly communicated by Dr. MatoUj as a new
species. It is noticed in the first volume of that gentleman's Obser-
vations on the Western Counties ; but has not, we believe, been
hitherto figured. It was discovered on the banks of the Tamar, in
Devonshire, near B:;re- Alston, and is thus described :
PLATE XXXIII.
*' In the mud appeared a species of Turbo, which, though very
similar to T. Littoreus (the common Teri winkle), has some cha-
racters that seem to authorize its being considered as a different shell.
The anfractus are much more swollen, as it were, than in the above
species ; the spire is more depressed ; and, besides, there is no ap-
pearance of strife, either transversely or longitudinally. This shell
has a sort of distorted or rude contour, that may, perhaps, entitle it to
the appellation of T. Rudis, Its colour is greenish." Page 277,
•vol. I.
3^'
«
^ PLATE XXXIV.
OSTREA PUSIO.
DISTORTED,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, unequal. The hinge without a
tooth, having a small oval cavity.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Eared. With about forty longitudin^J rays. Shell irregular, or
diftorted.
Concha testa aurita, striis circiter quadraginta. Linn. F. Siiec. 1 ,
p. 384. No. 1345.
Pecten minimus angustior, inaequalis fere et asper, sinu ad cardinem
cylindraceo, ceberrimis minutissimisque striis
donatus. List. Hist. Angl. p. 18G. tit. 31.
tab. 5. fig. 31.
Pecten Pusio. Writhed. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 65. tab. 61.
fig. 65.
Pecten minor alba, contusa proteiformis. Pctiv. Gazoph. tab. 94.
fig' 2.
iVisted Pectines of Stroma. Wallace, Orkn. p. 43, 44
Pecten parvus insqualibus, informis, striatus. Distortus, dis-
torted. Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 148. tab. 10.
fig, 3. 6.
PLATE XXXIV.
Dissimilar as the several figures In this plate may appear, they are
merely accidental varieties in size, growth, and colour of an individual
species. These shells are generally about an inch, or more, In length,
and of a somewhat globose shape ; but so extremely irregular and dis-
torted, that it can with difficulty be defined. Dr. Wallace calls these
shells the twisted pectlnes of Stroma, a little island that lies in the
PIghtland Frith ; he found them on some parts of the Orkneys, where
he observed extraordinary cross and strong tides. The irregular form
of these pectlnes rather surprised him. He adds, " I cannot think the
odd strange tumbling the tides make there, can contribute any thing
to that frame ; yet, after all, I never see them m any other place."—
These shells are now found on several of the English shores, as York-
shire, Scarborough, Mouth of the River Tees, and Dorsetshire ; and
are also frequent in the fossil state, in the chalk pits of Kent and Surry.
Both valves are convex, and much diftorted, but the under one is
usually the most irregular ; the ribs are numerous, close set, longitu-
dinal, and prominent. The inside of the lower valve is smooth and
white, when alive, and that of the upper has a pearly gloss. The
outside is generally of a dingy white, or yellowish cast ; sometimes
pale violet, or russety ; or white mottled, and varied with brown,
or brilliant red.
The ears of this shell are large, and nearly equal, but are often so
distorted as to appear much otherwise. It is proper to observe, that
though the irregular form this shell assumes may be attributed to some
injury it has sustained in Its growth, every shell of this species is
conftantly found with the same diftorted appearance. This circum-
ftance leaves no reason to doubt that such diftortions are characteriftic
of this extraordinary and peculiar species.
PLATE XXXV.
MUREX ERINACEUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait and somewhat pro-
duced gutter or canahculation.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell subangular, rugose, or covered entirely with raised scales
or points. Spires fix.
MuREX Erinaceus : testa multifarlum subfrondoso-splnosa, splrje
anfra6libus retuso coronatis, cauda abbrevi-
ata. Linn. Si/st. Nat. 526. p. 1216 ■
&ttiel. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. p. 3530.
Buccinum majus canallculatum, rostratum, ore labioso, fimbriatum,
umblicatum, ore angusto, oblongo, rugosum, costu-
latum, striis eminentlbus reticulatim exasperatum,
albidum. Gualt. 1. Conch. Tab. 49. fg.H.
MuREx Erinaceus. Urchin. Penn. By. Zool. No. 95. tab. 76.
Jig. 95. Seba. Muf. 3. t. 49. fg. 78, 79. —
Martin. Conch. 3. t. 110./. 1026—8.
Buccinum longirostrum medium subangulatum, porcis spiralibus dis-
tin6lum. Porcatum. Da Costa, tab, 8.
fig. 1.1. p. 133.
PLATE XXXV.
Found on the coast of Cornwall, and Dorsetfliire, and also on that
of Hilbree illand in Cheshire.
fT
.#^-
PLATE XXXVI.
FIG. I.
LEPAS INTERTEXTA.
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Animal Triton. Shell of many unequal valves : affixed by a stem.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell rather depressed and ribbed obliquely.
Lepas Intertexta : testa subdepressa oblique costara.
Lepas striata. Penn. Br. Zool. t. 38. /. 7.
Walker teji. min. rar. f. 87.
This rare fpecies is the Lepas intertexta of the Portland Museum ;
it was fifliedup at Weymouth, adhering to a valve of the Ostrea fab-
rufus.
The shells of this genus are in general very complex in structure,
the present is particularly so. Several shells of the natural size is re-
presented on the orange space of the Ostrea, Fig. I. — ^Thrce figures-
arc added to exhibit their magnified appearance ; to distinguish these.
the space is coloured green.
Vol. I.
PLATE XXXVI.
FIG. II. III.
LEPAS BALANOIDES.
COMMON ACORN SHELL.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell conic truncated, of six valves. Operculum bifid.
Lepas Balanoides : testa conica truncata ; operculo obtuse
Linn. Fatm. Suec. 1. p. 385. No. 1348 2.
No. 2123.
Balanus vulgaris parvus conlcus e senis laminis compositus, vertice
operculo bifido rhomboide occluso. Da Br.
Conch, p. 2^S. sp.6S. tab. 11, Jig. 1.
Balanus cinereus, velut e senis laminis striatis compositus, ipso vertice
altera testa, bifida, rhomboide occluso. Balani
parva species. List. II. An. Angl. p. 196.
///. 41. tab. 5. fig. 41.
These sh<-ilv are found in the greatest abundance on all the British
shores, adhering to rocksy shells^ Sic. S(c.
Da C(;sta says, this species, when not affixed on flat, but uneven
surfaces, sometimes, but rarely, extend dov/n into a pretty long rugged
tubular stalk or root. Tlais variety is noted by Pennant, and an ex-
traortlinaf y, but mutilated specimen of it, is shewn at fig. 3,
INDEX.
VOL. I.
LINN.EAN ARRANGEMENT.
MULTIVALVI/E.
Plate. Fig.
JL/EPAS balanus - - _ - - - 30 i. i.
— — — — balanoides _ - _ - - - 36 2. 3.
— — — costala - _ . - - - 30 2.
■ conoides - ----- 30 3.
■ I ■ intertexta -.-_._ 36 ,,
I anatifera .--_-_ 7
BIVALVIA. CONCHiE.
Telllna bimaculata - - - - - - 20 j.,,
' tenuis .--.... ^^ ^^ ^^
Cardlum aculeatum ----.. 5
I I »i medium -_-._. -^ j^
ciliare 32 2.
pygmeum • 32 3- 3.
Donax crenulata ---_._ 2^
" trunculus ----.. 29 i. j.
— - irus 29 2. 2.
Venus Chione ---->.. 17
Ostrea varla - - - - . - . i i.j.i.
■ ■ subrufus ...... . J2
pusio --..-.,3^
- obfoletus ....... 12.
Anomia Ephipplum ------ 26
Mytilus modiolus . - . . . . 23
■ ■■ — discors . . - . . . 25
Pinna muricata 10
L z
INDEX.
UNIVALVIA.
Bulla lignarla
Buccinum Lapillus
' Lineatum
Strombus Pes Pelecani
Murex despectus
— ■ Erinaceus ^
Trodius magus
■ Conulus
Helix ncmoralis
Nerita glaucina
■ littoralis
fluvialitis
paUidus
Halictis tuberculata
Patella vulgata
ungaria
■ parva
reticulata
— pellucida
— — — fissura
Serpula spjiorbus
Plate.
Fis-
-
-
27
-
-
II
-
-
IS
-
-
4
-
-
31
-
-
35
-
.
S
I.
-
-
S
2- 3.-
-
-
33
J. 2.
-
-
33
3*
-
-
2Z
2.
-
-
22
J. I.
-
-
28
-
-
l3
I. I.
-
-
2
I. 1.
-
-
2,
2. 3. 4. 5, 6,
-
-
13
-
-
20
r. I.
-
-
20
2. 2.
-
-
16
2.
-
-
16
I.
-
-
5
-
-
14
-
-
21
I.
-
-
21
2. 2.
-
-
21
3- 3-
-
-
3
I. I. I.
-
-
3
2.
INDEX TO VOL. I.
ACCORDING TO
HISTORIA NATURALIS TESTACEORUM
BRITANNIA OF DA COSTA.
GENUS 1. PATELLA, LIMPET FLITHER OR PAP SHELL-
* MARINE. SEA
Plate. Fig.
14
:. 2.
JiATELLA vulgaris, common - - -
Patella parva, small - - . _
Patella cceruleata, blue rayed - - - -3 i. i.
Patella fissura, slit - - - - -3 a. 2.
Patella pileus morionis major, large fool'j cap - - 21 i.
Patella reticulata, reticulated masque limpet - - 21 3. 3.
GENUS 2. HALIOTIS, EAR SHELL.
Haliotis vulgaris, common . . . . ^
GENUS 3. SERPULA. WORM SHELL.
Strpula spirorbis, spiral - - - _ . o
INDEX.
PART II.
UNIVALVIA INVOLUTA.
GENUS 5. BULLA. DIPPER.
* MARINi^. SEA.
Bulla lignaria, wood
Plate. Fig.
27
PART III.
UNIVALVIA TURBINATA.
TROCHUS TOP SHELL.
* MARINiE. SEA.
conulus, conule
Trochus tuberculatusi knobbed
COCHLEiE, OR SNAILS.
GENUS 8. NERITA, NERIT.
* FLUVIATILES, RIVER.
Nerita Fluviatilis. River
Merita Littoralis. Stranci
Ncrita Pairi<:iuii;s, pale
MARINi^I SEA.
i6
zo
i6
a. 3J
z.
Cochlea fasciata, girdled
GENUS 9. HELIX.
* TERRESTRES. LAND.
HELIX.
iS
INDEX.
*** MARINiE. SEA.
Plate Fig.
Cochlea catena. Chain - - - - 20. i. t.
GENUS 11. TURBO.
* TERRESTRES. LAND.
Turbo fasclatus. Fasclated - - - « iX
• • * MARINiE. SEA.
Turbo Littoreus, periwinkle - - - - 33 1.2,
Turbo plftus, painted . _ . _ 2 2,3,4,5,6
Turbo cancellatus, latticed - - - - z i. i.
GENUS 13. S-TROMBTFORMIS. NEEDLE SNAIL.
Strombiformis terebra, auger - - - - 22
Strombiformis cinflus, girdled - - - - 22
Strombiformis clathratus, barred or false wentletrap - 28
BUCCINA, WILKS, OR WHELKS.
GENUS 13. BUCCINA CANALICUL ATA.
GUTTERED WHELKS.
* MARINE. SEA.
Buccinum magnum, large . < - . 31
Purpuro-Buccinum, purple whelke - - - ii
IN D E X.
MURICES, ROCKS.
GENUS 16. APORRHAIS.
* MARINiE. SEA.
Plate. Fij
Aporrhals quadrifidus, four fingered - - - 4
ORDER 2.
BIVALVES.
GENUS I. PECTEN. ESCALLOP.
Peften pi£lus, painted - - - - - iz
Peften distortus, diftorted - - - '"34
Pefteii monotis, one cared - - • - j l. i.
Pe^en parvus, small - - -••12.
GENUS 3. ANOMIA.
* MARINES. SEA,
Anomia tunica cepae, onion peel - - - a6
DIVISION 2.
GENUS 6. CARDIUM. HEART COCKI.E.
* * MARlNiD. SEA.
Cardium aculeatuin, spiked
Cardium parvum, small
INDEX.
GENUS 7. PECTUNCULUS." COCKLE.
• MARINE. SEA.
Plate.
Pedlunculus glaber, smooth - - -
17
GENUS 9; CUNEUS. PURR.
* MARINE. SEA.
Cuneus fasciatus, fasclated
Cuneus foliatus, foliated - -
29
Cuneus truncatus, truncated - - _
24
Cuneus vittatus, ribband - - _ .
29
Fig.
GENUS 11. MYTILUS MUSCLE,
* MARINE. SEA.
Mytllus Modiolus, great
Mytilus difcors, divided
23
as
GENUS 15. PINNA. SEA HAM OR WING
# MARINE. SEA.
Pinna muricata, thorny
PART IV.
MULTIVALVES.
Ealanus vulgaris, common
Balanus porcatus, ridged
Balanus anatiferus barnacle
Vot.I.
GENUS 18.
M
36
30
7
a. 3.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. I.
AcuLEATUM, Cardlum, Spiked Cockle
Anatlfera, Lcpas, Barnacle
Balanoides, Lepas . . _
Balanus, Lepas - -
Bimaculata Tellina, Double Spot Telleti
Chione, Venus ...
Clliare, Cardium . - -
Cimex, Turbo, Latticed Whelk
Cinctus, Turbo, girdled
Clatbratus, Turb©, Falfe Wentletrap
Conoides, Lepas, Conio Acornshell
Conulus, Trochus, Conule
Costata, Lepas, Ribbed Acorn-shell
Despectus Murex, Defpifed Whelk
Discors, Mytilus, divided
Erinaceus, Murex . . -
Fasciatus, Turbo, fasciated
Fissura, Patella, Slip Limpet
Fluviatilis, Nerita, River Nerit
Glaucina, Nerita, Chain Nerit
Hungarica, Patella, Large Fool's Cap, Limpet
Intertexta Lepas, Striated Acorn Shell
Irius Telli na, Foiiated Purr
Lapillus, Buccinum, Massy, or Purple Whelk
Lignaria Bulla . . - -
Lineatum, Buccinum, lineated
Littoralis, Nerita , _ -
Littoreus, Turbo . . -
Magus, Trochus, Tuberculated Top Shell
Medium Cardium, Pigeon's Heart Cockle
Modiolus Mytilus - - -
Muricata Pinna, Thorny Wing, or Sea Ham -
Plate.
6
7
36
30
19
17
Fig-
22
I.
I.
2S
30
3'
8
2.
3-
30
2.
3»
^5
I.
35
ig
I.
I.
3
16
2.
2.
20
I.
I.
21
I.
I.
36
I.
29
2.
2.
II
27
15
20
z.
2.
33
I.
I.
8
I.
32
I.
23
INDEX.
Nemoralls, Helix, Girdled Snail - . . . j^
Obsoletus, Pecten - - - - - i 2. 2,
Pallidulus, Nerita, Pale Nerit - - » - 16 1;
Pellucida, Patella, Blue Rayed Limpet - - - 3 i. i.
Pes Pelecani, Strombus, Corvorant's Foot - - - 4
Pullus Turbo, Painted Whelk - - - - 2 a. 3. 4. 5.
Pusio, Ostrea, distorted - - - - 34
Pjrgmeum, Cardium, Small Cockle - .- - 32 3.
Reticulata, Patella, Reticulated Mask Limpet - - 21 3.
Rudis, Turbo, Thicklipped - - - - 33 3» 3-
Subrufus, Ostrea ----- jj
Spirorbis, Serpula, Wrackfpangle - - - - 9
Tenuis, Tellina» Thin Tellen - - - - 19 2. 2.
Tercbra, Turbo - - - - - 22 2. 2.
Trunc-culus, Telllna - - - - - 29 i. i,
Tuberculata, Haliotis, Tuberculatcd Sea Ear . - 5
Varia Ostrea, Variegated, or One- eared Scallop - - x
Vulgata, Patella, Common Limpet - - - 14
THE
NATURAL HISTORY
•' OF
BRITISH SHELLS,
JNCLUDINO
FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF ALL THK
SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN,
SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED
IN THE LIXNEAN MANNER,
SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON EACH.
FOL. II.
By E. DONOVAN, F.L.S.
AUTHOR OF THE NATURAL HISTORIES OF
BRITISH BIRDS, INSECTS, &C. &C.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR,
AND FOR
F. AND C. RIVINGTON, N® 6z, ST. PAUL'S CHURCH- YARIX
BV BYE ANO LAW, ST. JOHN'S SQI;ARE, CLERKEN WELL.
1800.
37
'K'J'
THE
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
BRITISH SHELLS.
PLATE XXXVn.
ARCA GLYCYMERIS.
ORBICULAR ARK.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve, valves equal. Teeth of the hinge numerous, and inserted
betvi'een each other.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Orbicular, concave, very finely striated transversely and longitudinally,
and variegated with zigzag marks. Margin crenated.
Arca Glycymeris : testa suborbiculata gibba, substriata, natibus
incurvis, margine crenato. Linn. Sj/st. Nat.
p. 1143. No. 181.
a 2
PLATE XXXVII.
Chama glycemerls, Bcllon. Pcctunculus ingens varlegatus ex rufa
List. 11. Conch, tab. 247. fig. 82.
Concha crassa, Irevis, subalbida, luteis maculis radiata, signata, fas-
data, et virgulata, intiis macula fusca obscu-
rata. Giuilt. 1. Conch, tab. 72. fig. G.
Glycymerls cornul)icrisis crassa marmorata. JIns. Petiv. p. 84.
Nu.SlG.
Bastard, or dog's cockle. Eutty Dublin^ p. 379.
Area glycymeris, orbicular, Pcmi. Br. Zool. No. 58. tab. SS.fig. 58.
Glycymeris. Orbicularis crassa subalbida lineis nifulis sagittaeformi-
bus variegata, intus obluscata inargineque
crenato. Orbicularis. Da Costa. Br. Conch,
p. IGS, tab. W.fig. 22.
This species is found, of a large size. In the Mediterranean sea ;
those which Inhabit the English coast, as Falmouth and Cornwall,
rai"elv exceed the size of the smallest specimen we have represented.
It is found likewise on the shores of Guernsey, and the coast of Ire-
land, wlierc it is called the dog's cockle.
38
PLATE XXXVIII.
MUREX CORNEUS.
HORNY, or SLENDER TFHELK.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat pro-
duced gutter, or canaliculation,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
AND
SYNONYMS.
Slender, white. Spires eight, swelled. Mouth oblong oval, ending
in a produced or lengthened deep twirled gutter.
MuREX CORNEUS : testa oblonga rudi, anfractuum marginibus com-i
planatis, apice tuberculoso, apertura edentula,
Cauda adscendcnte, Linn. Sj/st. Nat. p. 1224,
No. 565.
Buccinum angustius, tenuiter admodum striatum, octo minimum
spirarum. List. H. An. Angl. p. 157. ///. 4,
tab. S.Jig. 4. — App. H. An. Angl. p. 15, 16.
Lesser long and smooth whelke, Dale Harxv. p. 381. No. 2. — .
Smith Cork, p. 401. No. 7.
Narrow-mouthed whelke, with eight wreaths, WalUs Northuynh
/;. 401. No. 1.
Murex corneus, Horny. Penn. Brit. Zool. No., 99. tab. 16. Jig. 99^
Buccinum canaliculatum medium, angusdus, album, striatum, octo
spirarum. Gracile Da Costa, p. 124, sp. 74,
iab. 6. fg. 5,
A 3
PLATE XXXVIII.
This shell is white, semitransparent, and rather glossy ; and when
alive is covered with a fine thin brown film, or epidermis, which is
striated spirally. It is found on several of the English coasts, as
Yorkshire, Northumberland, Essex, &c. and also on the shores of
Scotland and Ireland.
JJ/
^B
^PLATE XXXIX.
FIG. I.
HELIX CORNEA.
RAMS HORN.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth, contracted, and kmated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Wreaths, four, turned nearly horizontal : rather depressed or concave
towards the centre.
Helix Cornea: testa supra umbilicata plana nlgricante, anfractibus
quatuor teretibus. Lin. Sj/st. N'at. p. 1 243. A^o. 67 1 .
—F. Suec. I. p. 373. No. 1304. //. No. 2179.
Cochlea pulla, ex utraque parte circa umbilicum cava. List. IT.
Angl.p. 143. tit. 26. tab. 2. fig. 26.
Cochlea maxima, compressa, fasciata. List. H. Conch, tab. 136.
fig. 40. — Cochlea pulla quatuor orbium coccuni
fundens, purpura lacustris. Id. tab. 131. fig. 41.
The Flat Whirl. Grew. Mus. p. 136.
Planorbis fluviatilis major vulgaris. Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 92. fig. 5.
H^lix Cornea, Horny. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 126. tab. 83. fig. 126.
A 4
PLATE XXXIX.
Helix fluvlatllis depressa major, anfractibus quatuor, ex utraque parte
circa uinbilicum cava. Cornuarietis. Tab. 4. fig.
13. Da Costa Br. Condi, p. 60. tab. 4.-. fig: 13.
Purpura. S. Cochlea fluviatilis comprcssa major. List. Exerc^
Anat. 2. p. 50.
T he adult shells of this species are from three quarters of an inch,
to an inch and a quarter in diameter ; the colours various, generally
brownish or ashen colour, inclining in some to red, in others to yellow ;
the young shells are whitish and more transparent.
It is very common in ponds and rivers. The animal is blackish
brown, and has two red capillary horns *.
The Helix Nana, or Dwarf of Pennant, fig. 125, is considered by
Da Costa and other conchologists, as a young shell of this species.
* " This fish emits a fine searkt humour, if a grain of salt of any kind, or a little
pepper or ginger, be put into the mouth of the shell. It emits this fine scarlet humour
all the year, especially in April and September. Dr. Lister gives a full account of ir.
He says, this scarlet humour may be readily got, and in great quantity, if a large
parcel of these shells be wrapped up in a cloth bag, sprinkling over it a little salt; tho;i
the scarlet liquor will ouze plentifully. The colouring part of tliis humour immediately
subsides, if sprinkled with powdered allum, and the rest of it remains like clear water.
The colouring part may be strained through a filtering paper, but the elegance of its
colour is lost, and it changes into a dull, unp'cas.'.nt rusty brown. Moreover, if mixed
with vinegar, spirit of wine, deliquated vegetable salts, or common snlt dissolved, this
elegant scarlet colour perishes in the same manner as when mixed with allum. Neither
can this liquor be kept by itself pure ar.d unmixed; for in vain did the doctor strive to
preserve it in narrov/ mouthed bottles or phials, perfectly well closed, and with oil or
honey thrown over it. Thus this colour is of so fugitive a nature, that no acid or
astringent has been found sufficient, to preserve tlie elegance of its tint."
•' Dr. Lister further recites some observ.-.tions and experiments he made on tlii*
scarlet fluid, to discover whetlier it was a humour of the body, or to be got by lace-
ration or incision, as blood ; a saliva from the throat or stomach ; or a particular hu-
mour contained in certain vessels or parts ; but the nicety and difficulty of the experi-
BJeiUs rendered it impossible for him to deteimiae it precisely.'" Da Costa, page 6ij 62>
PLATE XXXIX,
FIG. ir.
HELIX LAPICIDA,
^CUfE EDGED.
SPECIFIC CHARACTEJi
AND
SYNONYMS.
Above and beneath rather convex ; back of the wreaths carinated,
Deeply umbilicatei
JIelix Lapicida: testa carinata umbilicata utrinque convexa, aper-
tura marginara transversah ovata. Linn. Sj/sf.
Nat. p. 12 H. No. &5Q.
Cochlea testa utrinque convexa, subtus perforata, spira acuta apertura
ovata transversal!. Linn. Faun. Suec. I. p. 371.
No. 1298. 11. No. 2174.
Cochlea pulla, sylvatica, spiris in aciem depressis. Lisl. LL. An.
Angl. p. 126. tit. 14. tab. 2. fg. 14.
Cochlea nostras, umbilicata, pulla. Hist. //. Conch, tab. 69. fg. 63.
jPlanorbis terrestris Anglicus, umbilico minore, marglne acuto. Mus,
Petiv. p. 69. No. 734.
Cochlea terrestris media acie acuta : land cheese shell with a sharp
edge. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 92. fg. II.
Helix Lapicida, Rock. Penn. Br. ZooL No. 121. tab. S3.fg. 121,
Cochlea umbilicata, margine in acie acuto depresso. Acuta, sharp.
Pa Costa Br. Conch, p. 55. tab. 4. fg- 9. 9.
PLATE XXXIX.
This species is found in several countries of Europe. In Great
Britain it seem>s to be a local and rather uncommon kind. Da Costa
says *' though found in many parts of England, is not met with in
any plenty, but is scarce. I have found them on the rocks, at and
near Matlock, in Derbyshire, about Bath, in Somersetshire, also on
rocks ; in Surrey, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, in the moss on the
bodies of large trees, and in woods. Dr. Lister found them on the
grass in Lincolnshire ; Mr. Petiver, in hedges, between Charlton
and Woolwich, in Kent * ; Mr. Morton, in hedge-bottoms, in Oakly
Parva, in Northamptonshire ; and Mr. Wallis, on the rocks in Nor-
thumberland : but they are not common or frequent any where.**
page .56.
♦ Not uncommon last summer in the woods of Kent.
fO
^ PLATE XL.
MYTILUS UMBILTCATUS.
UMBILIC^TEDy OR fVRY BEAK MUSCLE.
• GENERIC CHARACTER,
The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Hinge much depressed and bent inwards.
Mytilus Umbilicatus, umbilicated. Penn, Br. Zool. sp. 76.
Jig. 16.
Mytilus Curoirostratus. Wry Beak. Da Costa Br. Conch.
p. 220. 50.
We are informed by Pennant that this shell was discovered by the
Reverend Hugh Davles ; that it is a rare and new species, and is
sometimes dredged up off Priestholme Island, Anglesea.
It is about half the size of Mytilus Modiolus, and in some respects
resembles it; but is distinguished by the very remarkable and peculiar
PtATE XL.
structure of its hinge ; the space opposite to it is bent inwards, in a. ,
winding manner, into a deep rugged cavity, which when the shells
are closed, form a deep hollow, or umbilicus, as if bruised in. On
one valve this depression is more deeply inflected inwards than on
the other.
fi
PLATE XLL
FIG. L
TELLINA IN^QUIVALVIS.
V NEQJJAL'VALVED lELLEI^^
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge usually furnished with three teeth ; shell generally sloping
on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong, one side much produced or beaked ; upper valve flat, lov^'er
very convex.
Tellina In.^quivalvis: testa oblongo-rostrata, valva altera plana,
Gmel. Lin. Sy-st. Kat. Conch. 3233. sp. 23.
The Tellina in^eqidvahis is noticed by Gonelin as a native of
the Mediterranean and Norway seas, but has not been hitherta
described as a British shell by any author. It is generally admitted
by Conchologists that the species has been discovered on our shores,
and William Pilkington, Esq. of Whitehall, has very lately re-
ceived a specimen of it from the Guernsey coast, which he obligingly
favoured us with it to figure and describe.
PLATE XLI.
FIG. II.
TELLINA VARIABILIS,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell somewhat oval or oblong, radiated with pale red streaks ;
a single tooth in the hinge of one valve, which is inserted between
two teeth on the other valve, when shut.
SoLEN Vespertinus : testa ovali oblonga spadiceo-radiata, cardinis
sinistrae valvas dente solitario duplici alterius inserto.
Gmel. Lin. Syst, Conch, p. 3228. sp. 20.
Tliis is the Tellina variabilis of the late Dr. Solander, and the
Portland Museum ; Gmelin arranges it amongst the Solens.
Found on the coast of Cornwall and Weymouth, and not noticed
by either Pennant or Da Costa as an English shell.
42.
-Av' ■.;
\^
PLATE XLII.
, FIG. I.
VENUS EXOLETA.
ANTISIUATED.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth ; two near each other,
the third divergent from the beaks.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Subrotund. Wrought transversely with numerous regular and minute
striae, margins smooth.
Venus Exoleta : testa lentlformi transversim striata pallida, ob-
solete radiata, ano cordato. Linn. Sj/sf. Nat.
p. 1134. No. 142.
Concha testa subrotunda : striis transversis innumeris, margine l^vi.
F. Suec. 1, p. 383, No. 1342.
Pectunculus rostro productiore, capillaceis fasciis donatus. List.
H. Conch, tab. 290. fg. 126. — P. dense fasciatus, ex rubro varlega-
tus et undatus. Tab. 291. fig. 127. — P. crassus, dense fasciatus,
leviter ex rufo variegatus. Tab. 292. Jig. 12S. — P. subfuscus tenuiter
admodum fasciatus. Tab. 293. Jig. 129. P. planus, crassus, ex-
rufo radiatus. Tab. 299. Jg. 136.
Concha marina valvis asqualibus requllateia, notabiliter umbonata
et oblique incurvata, subrotunda, vulgaris, striis densissimis et pro-
fundis transversim striata et exasperata, Candida leviter ex fusco vari-
egata et radiata. Giialt. 1. Conch, tab. 75. fg. F.
PLATE XLir.
Venus exoleta, antiquated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 49. tab. 54. 55.—=*
49 c^" 49 A.
Pectunculiis planus, crassus, striis caplllaceis dense striatus. Capil-
LACKUs, Hair-streaked. Da Costa. Bn'i,
Couch, p. 187. sp. 2\.—Tab. 12. fg. 5. 5.
Found in plenty on several of the British shores, as Cornwall, Dor-
setshire, Devonshire, and Yorkshire ; also in the isle of Guemseyj
and those of the Orkneys.
FIG. II.
VENUS SINiJOSA.
^. INDENTED VENUS SHELL,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Thin, convex, a deep obtuse /??ni^, or bending on the front. Penrt,
Br. Zool. p. 95. sp. 51.
Figured and described by Pennant, from a specimen in the Portland
cabinet, that was found at Weymouth. Tlie shell wc have fio-ured
is in the collection of the Rev. T. Rackctr.
-idflivv'
■.--y>
PLATE XLIII.
CYPRyEA PEDICULUS.
SEA LOUSE COJVRY, OV NUN^
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Sub-oval, blunt at the ends. Aperture, length of Ae shell, longitu-
dinal, linear, toothed.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AN]>
SYNONYMS.
Convex, margined, and furrowed transversely across the back.
CyPRiEA Pediculus testa marginata transversim sulcata. Linn
Sj/st. Nat. p. 1180. JSfo. 364.
Concha veneris exigua, alba, striata, Nuns. List. IT. Conch, tab.
-iOl.Jig.51.
Concha veneris exigua purpascens, striis minimis transversis, tribus
raaculis fuscis dorso inspersa. The purple spot-
ted nuns, alias cowrie, &c. — Concha veneris
minima nuUis maculis insignita. The smallest
nuns without spots. Borlase Cornw. p. 277.
tab. 2%. Jig. 12. 13.
Pou de Mer — Argenv. Conch. 1. p. 310. tab. 21. fg. L. II. p.
270. tab. IS.fg.L.
Porcellana vulgaris, parva, globosa, striata, Candida, dorso sinuato.
Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. ^'^- fg. P. ^ tab. 15.
fg. R.
VOL. II. B
PLATE XLIII.
;
Cypraea pedlculus, common. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 82. tah, 70. 1
Jig. 82. \'
Cypraea exigua transversim striata, maculae fuscae dorso inspersa. ',
Pediculus, seu monacha. J)a Costa Br. Conch.
p. 33. sp. 18. tab. 2. Jig. 6. 6.
This shell is very common on our shores, and a variety of the same
species is also abundant in the West Indies. The English shells of
this kind are of various tints, generally whitish, and with or without
spots \ the exotic kind is distinguished by a furrow on the back.
I'-f
k.
'■^o
PLATE XLIV.
VENUS VERRUCOSA.
WART ED VfiNUS SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth ; two pear each other,
the third divergent from the beaks.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS,
Somewhat heart shaped, Deeply decussated on the sides, with
transverse and oblique furrows, which form membraneous protube*
ranees or warts. Margins finely crenated.
Venus Verrucosa : testa subcordata : sulcis membranaceis striatls
reflexis, antice imprimis, verrucosis, margine cre-
nulato, Linn. Sj/si. Nat. p. 1130. No. 116.
Pectunculus omnium crassissimus, fasciis ex latere buUatis donatus.
List. H. Conch, tab. 2%^. Jig. 122.
Concha marina valvis squalibus sequalitera, notabiliter umbonata et
oblique incurvata, subrotunda, vulgaris, striis cir-
cularibus profundis, elatis, bullatis exasperata, et
circumdata, crassa, subalblda. Giuilt. 1. Conch,
tab. 75. fig. H.
Concha cinerca densa, margine dentato, striis rugosis et 6 lateribus
undose tuberculosis. The wrinkled, notched, and
high-beaked concha, or cockle. Borldse Cornw,
p. 278. tab. 2B. fig. 32.
PLATE XLIV.
Clonlsse de la Mediterran^e (VAvila. Cab. p. 333. No. 762.
Venus Erycina, Sicilian. PcJin. Brit, Zool. No. 48. tab. 5^. jig. 48,
Cornwall heart cockle, with rugged girdles. Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 93.
fg. n.
Pcctunculus crassissimus strigatus, strlgis ex latere bullatis, strigatus,
ridged. Da Costa Br. Conch, p. 185. sp. 3,
Tab. \2.fg.\.\.
Da Costa says, " this species is rare in our seas. Tlie shores of
Cornwall afford them, and they have been got in Devonshire and
Dortsetshire." They have also been found on the eastern coast of
Sussex, but not frequently.
^
V
l^'
PLATE XLV,
OSTREA STRIATA.
STRIATED OrSTER,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, unequal. Hinge without a tooth,
having a small oval cavity.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
akd
® SYNONYMS.
Less than the common Oyster. Outside wrought with thread-
like longitudinal ridges. Inside green.
OsTREUM STRIATUM: mediae magnitudinis veluti striatum Intus
virescente. Da Costa, pi. 11. fg. 4. 4. p. 162.
sp. 9.
Ostreum parvum veluti striatum, testa intus virescente, cardine utrlnque
canaliculato. List. H. An. Angl. /?. 18 1. tit. 27.
tab. 4. Jig. 27.
Osti-ea fere circinata, subviridis, leviter striata. List. II. Conch.
tab. 202. 203. fig. 36. 37.
An Ostreum vulgare, striatum, striis rotundis, crassioribus, inter-
ruptis radiatum, squamosum ex fusco viridescens.
Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. 102. fg. B ?
VOL. ir. C
PLATE XLV.
«« This Oyster," says Da Costa, " hitherto only proposed and
described by Dr. Listei\ is a very different species from the common
Oyster^ but has been always overlooked as the sanie kind." Dr.
Lister observes that it is found in plenty at the mouth of the
river Tees^ in Yorkshire, and says he first eat of it at BourdeauXy
in France, v^rhere it is greatly esteemed and called Rock Oyster,
being found among the rocks,
The figure of this shell in the plate of Da Costa above quoted, is
so very indifferent and devoid of true character, that were we not
in possession of the specimen he represents, it would be difficult to
ascertain it. In the general description he says the outside is a
little uneven, hut not rugged nor of a leaved or fiakey structure
as the common Oyster : he adds that the ridges are longitudinal,
about the thickness of a thread, very numerous, iiTegular, and run
one into another ; but towards the bottom always furcate or divide.
This description is accurate but does not accord with the figure, in
which the longitudinal ridges appear of a fiakey structure or like
lamina, and not numerous, irregular threadlike striae as in the shell.
We have selected several characteristic specimens of this species 'vl\
the annexed plate.
This shell is tliick, strong, and nearly opake : it is usually about an
inch in diameter ; the valves unequal, the under one being very con-
cave, the upper one flattish. Within, it is of a livid green and
rather glossy, the hinge broad, deep, somewhat triangular and stri-
ated transversely. In many shells there is a remarkable white mark
exadlly resembling a thick spot of white oil paint, placed a little
below the hinge, this spot always appears in radiated wrinkles from
tlie centre, and is formed by the muscle of the shell.
PLATE XLV.
It is found on many of our shores, as Kent, Sussex, Dorsetshire,
&;c. in abundance, and of various colours ; some are very fine like
japan lacquer, and others of a violet, grean, pink, yellow or pearly
tint w^hen much worn. It is remarkable, however, that the upper
valves are so scarce, that hundreds of the lower valves are found to
one of them.
4€
PLATE XLVr.
SOLEN SILIQUA.
LARGE or POD SOLEN.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve, with equal valves, oblong, open at both en;ls. At the
hinge a subulated tooth turned back, often double ; not inserted in
the opposite shell. Animal an Ascidia.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell strait, equally broad, and compressed. Tlie hinge beset with
two teeth in each valve.
SoLEN SiLiQUA : testa lineari recta cardine altero bidentato. Linn.
Syst. Nat. p. 1113. No. 3-i:—Fn. Sv. 2. No.
2131.
Solen, laevis, albidus, candidus, ex fusco &: subroseo colore variegatus
at fasciatus. Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. 95. fig. C.
Concha fusca, longissima, angustissimaque, musculo ad cardinem
nigro, quibusdam solen dicta. List. H. An.
A7igl. p. 192. tit. 37. tab. 5. Jig. 37. — App. //,
An. Angl. p. 19. — App. H. An. Angl. Goedarty
p. 33.
VOL. II. D
PLATE XLVI.
Solen major, subfuscus, rectus. H. Conch, tab. 409. Jig. 255.
Solen unguis ; the flieath, razor, or spoutfish. Grew Mus. p. 143.
—Merret Pin. p. 193.
Solen sive concha tenuis longissimaque ab fitraque parte naturaliter
hians ; the spout fish. Wallace Orkneys, p. A6,
Solen noftras vulgaris. Muf. Petiv. p. 87. No. 844.
Solen major subfuscus rectus. Siliqua. Da Costa, tab. ll.fig. 5,
p. 235. sp. 59.
This shell is found in abundance on many of the English shores,
especially the northern and western coasts, and those of Scotland
and Ireland.
The antients esteemed this fish a delicious food, and Dr. Lister
informs us he thought it nearly as rich and palatable as the Lobster.
In England and Scotland it is at present mostly used for baits, and
not for the table ; but in Ireland is much eaten in Lent, — It is in
season in spring.
From the hinge to the opposite margin the length is about half an
inch, and its breadth from five to seven inches ; but some shells are
found much larger. The outside is covered with a thin transparent
yellou -broivn ct tide or epidermis, like g'ue, which peels off soon
after the fish is dead or exposed to the shores. Under this epiderinis
the shell is smooth, very glossy, and marked with many concentric
transverse wrinkles from the mi Jdle to one extreme, the other half is
striated lengthways. Inside white and glossy.
PLATE XLVI.
Da Costa Obs. — Mr. Wallis, in his History of Northumberland,
p. 396. No. 9. notes a sort of this shell he calls the Orange and
White Solen, found in Budle Sands -with this common sort, and in
all respects like it, except in colour., which is deep orange and
-white in transverse fillets, in alternate variegations. Sucre, if a
distinct species, or only a variety ?
D 2
4'i
^r
^ L A T E XLVII.
TELLINA CARNARIA. Linn.
FLESH-COLOURED TELLEN,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge usually furnished with three teeth; shell generally
sloping on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Somewhat orbicular; valves shallow. White tinged with rose
colour, and marked externally with numerous parallel striae, disposed
in an oblique, reflexed and transverse direction.
Tellina CARNARIA: testa suborbiculata Isevi utrinque incarnata
oblique striata : striis hinc reflexis. Linn. Sjst.
Nat. p. 1119. No. 66.
Concha parva subrotunda, ex parte interna rubens. List. H. An.
Jngl. p. 175. tit. 25. tab. ^.fig. 5.
Tellina jequilatera laevis, tenuis subrubra. Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. 77.
Cafdium parvum subrocundum oblique striatum colore carneoso.
Carueosum. Da Costa, p, 131. sp. 20.
D 3
PLATE XLVIT.
According to Dr. Lister this species is a shore shell, and found very
frequently in the shallows of Lancashire, and near Filey in Yorkshire,
&c. It is also found at Scarborough, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, and
Cornwall.
It is an elegant shell, the outside being beautifully marked with ^
numerous delicate striae like strokes of engraving, and tinged with a
fine rose or flesh colour. Some specimens are almost white, or white
"with transverse bands of deeper red, and the margins yellow. Witlv
in, the red colour is m\ich more vivid than the outside.
Da Costa has placed this species in the CarcUum genus, and indeed
with much propriety; though Linnaeus arranges it amongst the
Tellens. It has a tendency on one side to flexure or slope like the
Tellens, but the central and remote lateral teeth we think fliould re-
move it to the former genus.
4*8
PLATE XLVIII.
DENTALIUiM ENTALIS.
TOOTH SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a Terebella. Shell slender, tublform,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS*
Tubular, conical, somewhat curved, and open at both ends.
Dentalium Entalis : testa tereti subarcuata continua \sevi,
Linn. Sj/st. Nat. p. 3736. 332. sp. 3. a Gmel.
Dentale Isve album, altera extremitate rufescens. List. //. Conch*
tab. 547. Z?^. 2.
Tubulus mariniis regulariter intortus arcuatim incurvatus^ & versus
unam extremitatera acuminatus, dentalis dictus,
Iffivis, candidus. Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. 10.
fig' E.
Dentale laeve, curvum album. • Borlase Cornw. p. 216. tab. 28.
fig' 5.
D 4
PLATE XLVIII.
Antales Argenyille Conch. I. p. 246. iab. l.Jig. K, II. p. 196.
tab. 3. fg. K.
Dentale lasve albescens. Vulgare. Da Costa. Br Conch, p. 24.
tab. 2. jig. 10.
This singular shell is found on many of the British shores, but
rarely occurs perfect. It is abundant on our southern shores, as
Hampshire, Devonshire, &cc.
t9
PLATE XLIX.
OSTREA MAXIMA.
GREAT SCALLOP.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, unequal. Hinge without a tooth,
having a fmall oval cavity.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
SYNONYMS.
Upper valve flat, lower concave. About fourteen rounded longi-
tudinal ribs, which are also deeply striated.
OsTREA MAXIMA : testa inasquivalvi radils rotundatis longitudi-
naliter striatis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1144
No. 185.
Concha testa aurita, striis quatuordecim. Linn. F. Suec. I. p. 383.
No. 1343. //. 2148.
P. maximus, circiter quatuordecim striis, admodum craflis & erai-
nentibus et iisdem ipsis striatis infignitus. A
Scallop. List. II. An. Angl. p. 184. tit. 29.
tab. 5. fig. 29.
Escallop, or Scallop. Merret. Pin. 193.
Scallop or Clam-shw4I. Wallace Orkn. p. 43. &c.
PLATE XLIX.
Frill or Scallop. liutcJiins Dorset, p. 77.
Pecten Maximus. Great. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 61. tab. 50. fig. 61,
Pecten. Maximus inaequivalvis, costis circiter quatuordecim rotun-
datis, & admodirm crassis. Vulgaris, the common
scallop. Ba Costa Br. Conch, p. 140. tab. 9.
fg. 3. 3.
The large Escallop is found on most of the coasts of Great Britain
and Ireland, particularly on those of Portland and Purbeck in Dorset-
shire. — The fish is eaten and much esteemed.
It is said by modern, as well as antient authors, that Escallops will
move so strongly as to leap out of the catcher wherein they are
taken : their way of leaping or raising themselves up, is by forcing
the under valve against whatever they lie upon.
so
N^
' PLATE L.
SOLEN ENSIS.
SCYMETAR.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve, with equal valves, oblong, open at both ends. At the
hinge a subulated tooth turned back, often double ; not inserted in
the opposite shell — Animal an Ascidia.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
SYNONYMS.
Shell bowed like a Scymetar, equally broad and compressed.
The hinge beset with two teeth in each valve.
SoLEN ENSis : tefta lineari fubarcuata, cardine altero bidcntato.
Linn. Sj/st. Nat. p. 1114. No. 35.
Solen alter curvus minor. List. App. II. An. Angl. p. 20. — App.
i)i Goed. p. 36. tab. 2. fg. 9. — Solc7i curvus.
IJiJl. Conch, tab. 411, fig. 251. — Solen ensis,
Scymetar. Pe7i7i. Br. Zool. No. 22. tab. 45.
Jig. 22.
Solen subarcuatus. Ensis. Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 237. sp. GO.
PLATE L.
This Is a local and rare species ; it has been found at Weymouth
on the Dorsetshire coast, and according to Dr. Lister in plenty in
the astuary of the Severn, on the side of Wales.
It differs from the Solen siliqua in several respects ; it is smaller,
and not strait, but curved or bowed like a Scymetar.
oj
B^l
PLATE LI.
FIG. 11.
HELIX AURICULARIA.
EAR, or TVIDE MOUTH RIVER SNAIL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth lunated.
**** Ovaied, imperforated,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Without umbilicus : a narrow depression on the edge of the pillar
lip. Very ventricose, spire short and acute. Aperture very wide.
Helix Auricularia : testa imperforata ovata obtusa, spira acuta
brevissima, apertura ampliata. Linn. Si/st. Nat.
p. 1250. No. 708.
Cochlea testa diaphana anfracSIbus quatuor, mucrone acuto brevis-
simo, apertura acutissima. Litin. F. Siuc. I.
p. 376. N^o. 1315. //. No. 2192.
Buccinum pellucidum subflavum, qua'uor spirarum, mucrone acu-
tissimo, testae apertura omnium maxima. List,
H. An. Angl, p. 139. tit. 23. tab. 2. Jig. 23,
PLATE LI.
Buccinum subflavum pellucidum, quatuor orbium, ore ampHssImo,
mucrone acuto. List. H. Conch, tab. 123.
fig' 22.
Buccinum fluviatile pellucidum, subflavum, quatuor spirarum, mu-
crone acuto, testae apertura patentissima. List.
Exerc. Anat. 2. p. 54.
Turbo with four wreaths, a rcmarkabk large mouth, and a short
acute apex. Wallis Northuynb. p. 370.
Helix aurlcularia. Pe7in. Br. Zool. No. 138. tab. S6. Jig. 138.
Turbo subflavus pellucidus quatuor spirarum ore patulo. Patulus.
"Z^a Costa sp. 53. p. 95. tab. 6. fg. 17.
Found in plenty in rivers, ponds, &c.
FIG. IL
HELIX STAGNALIS,
L^KE SNuilL, or FRESH WATER TURBO.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Without umbilicus. Oblong ; spire tapering. Several prominent
longitudinal wrinkles which somewhat angulates the shell. Aperture
oblong oval.
PLATE LI.
Helix Stagnalis : testa imperforata ovata-subulata, subangulata,
apertura ovata. Linn. Si/st. Nat. p. 1249.
i\^. 703. .
Cochlea testa prcxhicta acuminata, opaca, anfractibus senis subangu-
latis, apertura ovata. Lmn. F. Suec. I. p. 374.
No. 1310. //, No. 2188.
Buccinum longum sex spirarum, omnium & maximum & produc-
tius, subflavum, pellucidum, in tenue acumen ex
amplissima basi mucronatum. Turbo lie vis in
stagnis degens. Aldror. de Tesiaceis, I. 3.
p. 359. No. 3.
Buccinum subflavam pellucidum, sex orbium, clavicula admodum
tenui, productiore. List. IL Conch, tab. 123.
Jig. 21.
Buccinum minus fuscum, sex spirarum, ore angustlore. List. LI,
An. Angl.p. 139. tit. 22. tab. 2. jig. 22.
Helix Stagnalis. Lake. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 136. tab. ^Q.fg. 136.
Fresh water turbo with six wreaths. Wallis Northumb. p. 369.
Turbo longus et gracilis in tenue acumen mucronatus, imperforatus
& pellucidus Stagnalis. Da Costa Br. Conch,
p. 93. sp. 52. tab. 5. Jig. II.
o The largest and" most produced of the British river snails, and is
found in plenty in all our rivers, lakes, ponds, and other waters.
Lifter and *PetI\er have made two species of this shell maximum
and minus j they appear however to be merely ditTerent stages of its
growth.
^2,
4
PLATE LIL
TROCHUS ZIZYPHINUS.
LIVID TOP SHELL.
I
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a slug. Shell conic. Aperture nearly triangular,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell conic, livid, without umbilicus: spirally striated, with the
upper edge of each wreath margined.
Trochus Zizyphinus : testa imperforata conico livida laevi, anfrac-
tibus marginatis. Linn. Syst. Nat, p. 1231.
No. 599.— Faun. Suec. II. No. 2168.
Trochus albidus maculis rubentibus distinctus, sex minimum spira-
rum. List. H. An. Angl. p. 166. tit. 14,
tab.S.fg. 14.
Trochus pyramidalis variegatus, limbo angusto in summo quoque
orbe circumdatus. List. II. Conch, tab. 616.
fg- 1.
Culs de Campe de moyenne grandeur, lisses, marbres de rouse et de
violet, a orbes separes par un cordon. D'Avila,
cab. p. 127. No. 155.
VOL. II. 'E
PLATE Lit.
Ticrchus Ziziphlnus, livid. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 103. iah. 80.
fg. 103.
Trochus pyramldalis imperforatus, lividus, rubro varlegatus, limbo
in siimmo quoque orbe circumdatus. Zizyphinus,
Da Costa Br. Conch, tab. 3.fig. 2. 2. /;. 37.
This is one of the mofl elegant of the testaceous tribe found on
our coasts ; the colour in general is flefli colour or pale red, ele-
gantly variegated with deeper red or brown in streaks, waves, and
chequers; when the exterior coat is worn, the shell Is of a fine
pearly hue.
It is not an uncommon species on the English shores, and is also
found in the Orkneys and tlie western isles of Scotland.
Sd
PLATE LIIL
SOLEN LEGUMEN.
PEASECOD,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve, with equal valves, oblong, open at both ends. At the
hinge a subulated tootli turned back, often double ; not inserted in
the opposite shell. Animal an afcidia.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Strait, oblong, rounded at both ends : smooth, and somewhat
pellucid.
SoLEN Legumen: curtus subpellucidus, ad chamas quodammodo
accedens. Peasecod. Da Costa. Br. Conch,
p, 238. sp. 61.
Solen Legumen, Suboval. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 24. tab. 46. fig'. '24-,
Concha soleniformis, Isvis aut levisslme striata, fragilis, pellucida,
testa tenuissima cornea, subalbida, aliquando fla-
vescens. Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. 91. fg. A.
Chama subfusca, angustissima, ad solenes quodammodo accedens.
List. II. Conch, tab. 420. fig. 2b i.
E 2
P L A 1" E Llir.
Both Pennant and Da Costa note this as a very rare British species.
The first says it is found at Red Wharf, Anglesea, in North Wales j
the latter received it from Christchurch, in Hampshire.
We have found it on the shores of Glamorganshire, and also in
abundance in the sandy bay of Caermarthen this summer.
o4>
PLATE LIV.
CARDIUM L^VIGATUM.
lAKGB HICII-BEAKED COCKLE,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
I'wo teeth near the beak, and another remote one on each sicIq
of the shell.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell somewhat oval, slightly striated longitudinally.
Cardium L^viGATUM : testa obovata : striis obsoletis longitudi-
nalibus, Gmel. Linn. Sijst. Nat, p. 3251.
sp. 18.
Pectunculus maximus, at minus concavus ; plurimis minutioribus &
parum eminentibus striis donatus, rostro acuto,
minusque incurvato. List.II.An. Angl.p. 187.
///. 32. tab. 5.Jg: 32.
Pectunculus subfuscis striis leviter tantum incisis. List H. Con(^»
tab. 332. /«•. 169.
Pectunculus major striis angustis. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 93. fg. 10.
Large high-beaked Cockle. Wallis Northumb. p. 395.
Cardium Lcevio-atum. Smooth. Fenn. Br. Zool. No. 40. tcib. 51,
M- 40.
Cardium obovatum striis obsoletis longitudinalibus. L.«vigatum,
na Costa, Br. Conch, p. 178. sp. 18.
E 3
PLATE LIV.
We have observed, that this species is in general discoloured, and
deeply tinged w^ith brown or yellov^^ ; when fine it is whitish, sleek,
and covered with an epidermis.
It is found on most of our coasts, yet it is by no means common.
Da Costa notes it from Yorkshire, Northumberland, DorsetshirCj
Cornwall, Carnarvonshire, aijd the Orkneys.
PLATE LV.
MYTILUS CYGNEUa.
GREAT nORSEj OR SJVAN MUSCLE,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS,
Somewhat oval, one end rounded, the other extended, narrow,
and compressed ; thin and brittle.
Mytilus Cygneus : testa ovata anterius compressiuscula fragilis-
siraa, cardine laterali. Gmel. Linn, Si/st. Nat,
p. 3355. 15.
Mytilus Cygneus : concha testa oblonga ovata lon^itudinaliter
subrugosa, postice compresso-prominulo. Linn.
Fn. Suec. 1. p. 380. No. 133.2.
Musculus latus maximus, testa admodum tenui, ex fusco viridcscens,
palustris. LJst. yipp. II. An.Jngl. p. 8. tit. 30.
tab. 1. fg. 3. and J pp. II. An. Angl. in
Goedart.p. 9. tit. 30. tab. 1. fg. 3. — AIusculus
latus maximus & tenuissimus e coeruleo virides-
cens, fere palustris. //. Conch, tab. 156. fg. 11.
E 4
PLATE LV.
Musculus fluviatilis maximus, profunde strlatus latus ; testa admodum
tenui, ex fusco viridescens, interdum rufescens,
jntus argenteus. Gualt. 1 . Conch, tab. l.fig. F.
Mytilus Cygaeus. Swan. Pain. Brit. Zool. No. 78. tab. 67.
No. 78.
Mytilus fluviatilis maximus, admodum tenuis ex fusco viridescens.
Cygneus. Da Costa Br. Conch, p. 214. sp. 46.
This species Is not uncommon in our Rivers, Ponds, &c. but is
less frequent than the Mytilus Anatinus, or Small Horse Muscle, which
bears some resemblance to it. Mytilus Anatinus is rarely more than
half the size of Mytilus Cygneus, is more compressed, and has the
cartilage side extended in a straight line to an acute angle at one end.
The usual length of Mytilus Cygneus is about two or three inches,
its breadth five or six Inches. The valves deep, or concave. The
outside is wrinkled transversely, and varies in colour according to the
state of the Shell. Tlie external covering, or epidermis, is thin, but.
strong, and of a greenish colour ; under this the Shell is varied with
bright brown, and when the coating is worn off, the whole Shell is
pearly. The inside is often rugged with small pearls.
5fi
^
PLATE LVI.
LEPAS DIADEMA.
J^HALE ACORN SHELL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Triton. Shell of many unequal valves ; affixed by a stem;
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell subrotund, of six lobes, furrowed longitudinally.
Lepas Diadema : testa subrotunda, sexlobata sulcata. GmeL
Linn. Si/st. Nat. p. 3208. sp. 4.
Balanus bal^eniE cuidam Oceani Septentrionalis adhserens. Lint. H.
Conch, tab. 445. Jig. 288.
Pediculus ceti. Phil. Trans. No. 222. p. 323. Epitome Trans.
Soc. R. Angl. Vol. 5, />. 381. tab. 11. fg. 2.
Pediculus ceti, vel Lepas nuda carnosa aurita. Idem. 1758. Tol. 50.
P. 2. tab. S4.fg. 1. andfg. 7.
Martin. TFest. Isles, p. 162 a7id 166.
Quarta species echini plani. Humph. Mus, fab. 14. fg. H.
Balanus balaenaris. Klein. Ostrac. 176. tab. 12. fg, 98.
Pediculus ceti. Boccon. recher. p. 287.
Grand pou de Balelne. ITAvil, Cab. ;;. 404.
Balanus hemisphericus sexlobatus. Balsnrc. Da Costa Br. Conch.
tab, 17. fg. 2. 2. ?.
PLATE LVI.
Tills large and interesting species of Balani is found adhering to
the Whale, whence it is called the Whale Acorn Shell. It is not
uncommon in the sea round Scotland. The natives of some of the
Western Islands distinguish one species of Whale from the rest, for its
great size, and the big limpets growing on their backs *. The
same species is common on the Wliales in the Northern Seas about
Newfoundland.
The Animal is figured by Ellis, In the Philosophical Transactions
for 1758, and resembles a cluster of small hooded and eared serpents
issuing from the central cavity, and little openings at the tops of
the longitudinal ribs. The base by which it is afExed, when alive,
is covered with a coriaceous skin.
♦ Martin. Fladda Chuan, near the Isle of Skie.
^7
f^
PLATE LVII.
VOLUTA TORNATILIS.
OV^L VOLUTE.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Shell spiral, aperture narrow, without a beak.
Columella plicated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell oval, pointed at each end, and striated spirally. Pillar lip
turned in a fold.
VoLUTA TORNATILIS : testa coarctata ovata substriata : spiraelevata
acutiuscula, columella uniplicata. Gmel. Linn.
Sijjl. p. 3437.
Buccinum parvum, rostro integro, tenuiter striatum, fasciatum, cla-
vicula paulo productiore, unico dente ad colu-
mellam. List. II. Conch, tab. S35. Jig. 58.
Auris Midae fasciata. Klein Ostrac. p. 37. §. 96. fp. I. No. I.
Voluta tornatilis. Oval. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 86. tab. 11. fig. 86.
Schroct. n. Litterat. 3. /. 2./. 12. 13.
Qvalis. Turbo ovalis striatus rubicundus fasciis albis, columella
uniplicata & unidcntata. Da Costa Br, Conch.
p. 101. tab. 8.fg. 2. 2.fp. 51.
PLATE LVII.
*' Tills pretty species," says Da Costa, *' I have received from
Tlnmouth and Exmouth, in Devonshire ;" and Pennant notes it
from Anglesea only.
~^^
^ PLATE LVIIL
MACTRA LUTRARIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a Tethys. Bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth compli-
cated, with a little groove on each side ; lateral teeth remote.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
SYNONYMS.
Shell oblong oval, smooth; no lateral teeth. Hinge, a small and
large triangular cavity in one valve a similar cavity and an elevated
triangular tooth in the opposite.
Mactra LUTRARIA : testa ovali oblonga lasvi, dentibus lateralibus
nullis. Gmel. Linn. Syst. p. 3259. sp. 14.
Concha longa lata<^ue In mediis cardinibus cavitate quadam pyriformi
insignita. — An Chamte glycymeris Rondeletii ?
List. LI. Angl. p. no. ///. \9.tab. 4./^. 19.—
Chama fusca lata planior. Hist. CojicIl. tab. 415.
fig. 259.
The long and broad conch. Wallis Northumb. p. 396. No. 10. 1 J.
Mactra lutraria, large. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 44. tab. 52. fig. 44.
Chemnitz. Conch. 6. /. 24./. 240. 241.
CJiama magna planior, crassa, albescens, Magna. Da Costa Br,
Conch, p. 230. sp. 55. tab. 17, fig. 4^.
PLATE LVIIL
Tlie Mactra lutrarla is so very similar in general appearance to the
Mya Arenaria, that without attending to the fohated hinge of the
latter, they may be confounded with each other. Both shells are
scarce on the British poasts, except in certain situations. Da Costa
says the Mactra lutraria is found in plenty at Scarborough, in Nor-
thumberland, Lancashire, Sec. and on the shores of Scotland. Dr.
Maton found them on the coast of Cornwall ; and we met with
them very fine, perfect, and beautifully coloured, on the sands near
Laugharn, South Wales.
The general colour is yellowish, tinged with orange, and irregu-
larly clouded with brown ; and often glossed with a delicate white ^
the epidermis brown.
I SJ
t
PLATE LIX.
TURBO STRIATUS.
STRIATED WREATH SHELL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Llmax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture
somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell swelled, or ventricose, white, variegated with red, and finely
Striated spirally. Umbilicated.
Turbo striatus : albescens rufo variegatus, eleganter striatus.
Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 86. sp. 47. tab. 5.fg. 9.
Turbo reflexus : testa umbilicata convexo-prominula : anfractibus
teretibus substriatis, apertura reflexa. Gmel.
Linn. Si/st. Nat. p. 3605. 70?
Cochlea cinerea, interdum levlter rufescens, striata, operculo tcstaceo
cochleato donata.— Cochlea terrestris turbinata
et striata Columns de purpura, c. 9. p. 18. ubi
etiam delineatur sub hoc titulo, Cochlea turbinata*
List. H. An. Angl. p. 119. ///. 5. tab. I.fig. 5.
Turbo lunaris tessellatus et striatus. Klein Ostvac. p. 55. §. ICl.
spec. 3.
PLATE LIX.
Argenv. Conch. I. p. 384. tab, 32. fig. 12. //. p. 339. tab. 2S»
fig. 12.
Turbo terrestrls tenuissime, ipso ore cirrinato, cui etiam limbus latus,
et striatus, albidus, Giialt I. Conch, tab. 4:. fig. B.
Turbo tumidis. Tumid. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 110. tab. S2. fig. 1 10.
This species is particularly noticed by most conchologists. Dr.
Lister says it is the most elegant of all our snails, and is found near
Oglethorpe and Burwell woods in Lincolnshire, in Yorkshire, and
in Kent. Petiver found it about Charlton, in Kent ; also Morton,
in Northamptonshire ; Pennant, in the woods of Cambridgeshire ;
and Da Costa, in Surrey. It is no where common.
'^•7
~N
^•.
>V^
PLATE LX.
TELLINA TRIFASCIATA.
THREE STREAK TELLEN.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge usually furnished with three teeth ; shell generally-
sloping on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell narrow oval, depressed, whitish, radiated with red ; and
striated transversely.
Tellina TRIFASCIATA : testa ovata laeviuscula sanguineo triradlata,
pube rugosa. Gmel, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3233.
Tellina ex rufo maculata, fasciis exasperata. List. II. Conch, tab.
394: fg. 241.
Concha rugosa, telllnae forniis, lineola quadam paululura eminente ab
ipso cardine ad imura ambitum donata. List.
App. Hist. An. Angl. p. 19. tit. 36. tab. 1.
fg. 8. — App. Hist. An. Angl. in Goedart. p. 32.
tit. 36. tab. l.Jig. 8.
Tellina cuneata compressa, e rubro radiata. Red Waved Bastard
Tellen. Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 94. fig. 9.
Tellina depressa transversim striata albescens e rubro radiata, Radiata.
Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 209. sp. 42. tab. 14.
Tellina incarnata, carnation. Pcnn. Br. Zool. No.^X. tab. 47
A-. 31.
VOL. ir. F
PLATE LX.
This elegant species is rather uncommon upon our coasts. Da
Costa says he received it from Scarborough, in Yorkshire ; and adds,
it is scarce on the coasts of Cornwall, but of a larger size ; the finest
coloured specimens we have seen are from Dorsetshire and Wales.
The Tellina incarnata is smaller than trifaciata but very similar,
and may be easily confounded with it,
bl
PLATE LXI.
MACTRA SOLIDA.
GIRDLED.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a Tethys, Bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth compli-
cated, with a little groove on each side ; lateral teeth remote,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS,
Thick, transversely striated and girdled.
Mactra SOLIDA : testa opaca laeviuscula subantiqua. Gmel. Linn.
Sj/sL Nat. p. 3259. sp. 13.
Concha crassa, ex altera parte compressa, ex altera subrotunda.
Lisf. H. An. Angl. p. 174. tit. 24. tab. ^. fig.
24. — Pectunculus crassiusculus albidus. List.
H. Conch, tab. 2oZ. fig. 87.
Chama media fasciata crassa Pctiv. Gaz. tab. 94. fig. 7.
Chama minor plurimis fasciis. Id. ib, fig. 6.
A Pectunculus with azurine circular lines interpolated. Leigh.
Lancashire, tab. 3. fig. 6.
Thick white striated Chama. IVallis Xorthum, p. 395,
PLATE LXL
Mactra solida ; strong. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 43. tab. Bi. fig. 43,
A. et tab. 52. fig. 43. — Chemnitz. Conch, 6. t.
23./. 229. 230.
Trigonella ciassa transversim fasciata. Zonaria. Da Costa. Br.
Conch, tab. 15. fig. 1. 1.
This species Is found on many of our shores, as Kent, Dorsetshire,
Lancashire, Yorkshire, Northumberland, the coast of Wales, &c.
The girdles are most prominent In the dead shells ; the surface be-
tween them appearing much worn.
62
PLATE Lxrr.
PHOLAS CRISPATA.
CURLED, OR DOUBLE-FRONTED PlDDOCK.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Ascidia. Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with
several lesser valves at the hinge. The hinges folded back and con-
nected by a cartilage.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell oval, thick, wrought witli transverse wrinkles, and divided
down the middle by a furrov/. The half next the hinge undulated
or indented. A large flat curved tooth in the cavity under the beak.
Pholas Ce.jspata : testa ovali hinc obtusiore crispato striata car-
dinis dente curvo. Linn. Faun. Suec. 2125.
Gmel. Linn. Sj/st. p. 3216. sp. 6.
Concha altera parte dimidia striis undatim crispatis donata, altera Isvis,
apophysi longa, angusta, recurva, dentiformi. An
c peloridibus antiquorum ? List. JI. An. Angl.
p. 192. tit. 38. tab. i). 38. — Pholas angulosus,
nobis olim, concha altera, &c. Tit. 38. — App. II.
An. Angl. in Goedart. p. 36. tab. 2. fig. 7. —
Pholas latus rugosus ex dimidio dorso et asper.
Hist. Conch, tab. 27P. Jig. 4J6.
VOL. II. G
PLATE LXII
Concha ex dlmidia pene margine profunde striata. Merret Pin.
p. 194.
Chamae pholas bifrons. Furrow-ribbed Pholas Muscle. Petiver
Gaz. tab. 19. fig- . 13.
Pholas Crispatus. Curled. Pe7m. Br. Zool. No. 12. tab. 40.
fg- 12.
Pitaut, ou Dail Pholadc. Argenv. Conch. 1. p. Z65.pl. 30. p. 322.
26. IT.
Pholas ovalis, parte dimidia strils usulatim crispatis, altera laevis ; dens
longus angustus curvus. Bifrons. J)a Costa Br.
Conch, p. 242. tab. 16. fg. 4. 4.
Found in great abundance on many of our shores, nitched or bur*
rowed in the rocks and stones in Cornwall, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire,
Wales, die.
63
y
PLATE LXIIL
ARCA NUCLEUS.
SILVERY ^RK.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Tethys ? Shell bivalve, equivalve. Teeth cf the hinge
numerous, inserted between each other.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Small, somewhat triangular, smooth, silvery witliln. Hinge semi-
circular, beset with numerous plate-like teeth. Margin finely ere-
nated
Arca Nucleus : testa oblique ovata Iffiviuscula, natibus incurvis,
margine crenulato, cardine arcuato. Linn. Sj/sL
Nat. p. 1143. A'^o. 184.
Arca Nucleus : testa oblique ovata Igeviuscula : cardine triangular!.
Gyncl. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. p. 3314. sp. 38.
Tcllina inaequilatera, margine interno minutissime dentato, sed prope
cardinem denticulis spissis, elatoribus, acutis, con-
spicua, oleagina, intus argentea. Gualt 1.
Conch, tab. Si, fig. IL
c 2
PLATE LXIII.
Pectunculus minimus laevis, intus argenteus, cardlne serrato. Silver
Cockle. Mus. Petiv. p. 87. No. 84^1. et Gazop.
tab. \l.fig.
Glycemerls Argentea parva subtriangularis, laevis, intus argentea.
Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 170. sp. 13. tab. 15i.
jig. 6. right hand.
This kind is found in great abundance on many of our shores, as
Kent, Essex, Sussex, Devonsliire, &c. and is also met with at Scar-
borough.
When these shells arc fresh and perfect, says Da Costa, the outside
is of an olive green, with some few transverse wrmkles ; but when
rubbed or worn are quite white, and almost smooth. I'he inside is
©f a fine silvery colour.
0^
I
/
PLATE LXIV.
FIG. I.
'I'ELLINA PLANA.
FLAT TELLEN.
GENERIC CHARACTr.R.
Tlie hinge usually furnished with three teeth. Shell generally sloping
on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
AND
SYNONYMS.
Somewhat triangular, tliln, and flat.
"Tellina plana: tenuis subrotunda plana.
Trigonella plana. Da Cojia. p. 200. sp. 36.
Tellina crassa. Flat. Ko. 28. — Venus borealis. Northern. Pen.
Br. Zcol. Xo. 52.
Venus borealis. Linn. Si/st. Xat. ?
Concha tenuis, subrotunda, omnium minime cava, cardinis medio
sinu et amplo et pyrifonni. List. IL. An. AngL
p. 174. tit. 23. tab. 4-. Jig. 23.
Pectunculus latus, admodum planus, tenuis, albidus. List. IL
Conch, tab. 253. fg. 88.
Slender Smooth Chama. Wallis Northiunb. p. 395.
g3
PLATE LXIV.
In referring this ambiguous Shell to the Tellina genus, we may
incur censure, as it does not certainly possess every characteristic of
a tellen, yet we conceive less impropriety in altering the genera than
in retaining it as a trigonella.
This Shell has been admitted as the Venus borealis of LinnjeuS
and from the Synonyms of Lister's figure, not without probability.
We do not, however, think the Linnsean descriptions agree suffi-
ciently with our Shell ; it may be a variety of it, though we hesitate
to admit it as such.
Pennant has described this Shell twice, the old Shell is Tellina
Crassa, No. 28, and the young one Venus borealis. No. 52 of that
author; he adds indeed " the Tellina crassa has the habit of Venus
borealis, but its sides are unequal, one being more extended than the
other."
Da Costa has been under similar difficulties, he gives it as a species
of his genus trigonella, though he savs in the general description,
that " the hinge of this kind is of a dijjerent structure from the
Trigonell.e, for it consists of two minute, thin, plate-like, pa-
rallel teeth, aside of which is a large triangular cavity, and has no
lateral teeth."
Common on several of the English shores.
PLvVTE LXIV.
FIG. JI.
X
TELLINA RIVALIS.
RIVER TELLEN.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell oblique, somewhat ovatcd, furrowed transversely, and of aa
horn colour.
Tellina Rivalis : testa oblique subovata transversim sulcata cornel
coloris. Maton. Linn. Trans, vol. 3.
The English naturalist is indebted to Dr. William Maton, author of
the Tour of the Western Counties, for the discovery of this new and
interesting British species. The first account of it appeared in a paper
presented by him to the Linnasan Society, and afterwards inserted in
their Transactions ; and it is to this gentleman also our thanks arc
due for the specimens figured in the annexed plate. We have seen it
since in the Collection of William Pilkington, Esq. Whitehall ; who
recently found it in the river near Hungerford in Beikshire.
Dr. Maton, in his remarks on this species, says, " It does not appear
to have been described, and probably was never seen by LinnjEus, nor
has it been noticed by any English writer on Conchology ; a figure,
however, of it occurs in Gnalteri's IndcXy Teslacrum. Conchy-
lioriim {Tab. l.fig.C. C.) but has been referred to by Professor
G 4
PLATE LXTV.
Gmelin, in his edition of the Systema Naturae of Linnasus for Tellina
cornea, though it evidently differs from the latter in shape, which
Linneeus considers as one of the most certain criteria, whereby
species are to be distinguished, Gualtieri mtniions, the Shells al-
luded to as " Muscidiis fiuviatilis, striatiis, suhjlavus pellucidas"
which is a vague and imperfect description, and by no means sufficient
to shew in what respect it differs from T. cornea." The difference
consists chiefly in the 'I", rivalis being of a more oblique and sub-
ovated form, and in having the hinge near one end ; T. cornea ir
somewhat globose, and in particular has the hinge and beaks placed
in a more central manner.
Dr. Maton has generally found Tellina rivalis on chalky parts of the
bed of the river Avon, and in rivulets communicating with it near
Salisbury ; but has never seen it in any considerable abundance. He
conceives, that if diligently sought after, it may be discovered in most
rivers and streams which are inhabited by Tellina cornea.
6S
^
PLATE LXV.
HELIX ZONARIA.
STRIPED SNAIL*
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted, and lunulatcd.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell whitish, striped, convex, rather depressed. A deep round
central umbilicus. Outer lip of the mouth turned backward and spread.
Helix ZoN ARIA : testa umbilicata convexa depressluscula : apcrtura
oblongiuscula marginata. Linn. Sj/st. Nat,
■p. 1245. No. 681. — Gmel. Linn. Si/st. Nat.
3632. sp. 63. Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. 3. fig. L.L.L.
Cochleola alba fasciata cantabrigiensis, iimbilico parvo. Newmarket
Heath Shell. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 11. Jg. 6.
Cochlea alba leviter umbilicata pluribus fasciis circumdata, clavicula
productiore. List. H. Conch, tab. 59.Jig.56.
Cochlea umbiUcata alba virgata. Virgata. Da Costa. Br. Conch,
p. 79, tab. 4;fg. 1
PLATE LXV.
The Shells figured in the annexed plate are the true C. virgata o^
Da Costa, but not the Hv-^IIx Zonaria of Pennaii:, as that author has
erroneously considered them in his British Conchology. It appears
that the latter species came into the possession of Da Costa after the
work was published, for it stands corrected In some mss. notes in his
collection, though it is not noticed in his publication. Gmelin in his
Systema Natura admits Da Costa's Shell as the Lmnsean Zonaria ;
Pennant's Shell is not described by either author.
It inhabits dry sandy soils and banks, and, as Da Costa observes, is
common only in some parts, as in the grass on Heddington-heath in
Oxfordshire, and in Hampshire in plenty. It is also found in Corn-
wall, and was met with by Pefiver on Newmarket-heath in Cam-
bridgeshire.
66
■r\
«->
PLATE LXVI.
BULLA PALLIDA.
PALEj OR CYLINDRJC BULLA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Shell suboval. Aperture oblong, very patulous, and smooth or
even. One end rather convoluted.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Cylmdric, white, glossy, four prominent wrinkles on the pillar lip.
Bulla Pallida : testa cylindrica, spira elcvata acuta. Lin7i. Mus^
Reg. p. 5SS. A^. 223.
Voluta pallida testa integra oblongo ovata, spira elevata columella
quadruplicata. Linn. Sijst. Nat. p. 11S9. No.
40.5.
Concha veneris, exigua, alba, vere cylindracea. List. II. An. Angl.
tab. 114. fg. 10.
Porcellana integra admodum tenuis, fimbriata ; dorso pulvinato,
candidissima. Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. \5.Jig. 4.
Bulla, cylindracea, cylindric. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 85. tab. 70.
fg. 85.
Bulla exigua cylindracea, laevis et nivea. Da Costa Br. Conch.
p. 30. sp. 16. tab. 2.fg. 7.
PLATE LXVI.
Bulla cylindricea is esteemed a very rare species by collectors of
English Shells. It is found on the western coasts of England. Da
Costa received them from Cornwall and Weymouth ; and Lister
notes them from Barnstaple in Devonshire.
The smallest figures denote the natural size.
^y*^jA
X
PLATE LXVII.
VENUS DECUSSATA.
RETICULj4TED,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve. Hinge furnished wirli three teeth j two near each other,
the third divergent from the beaks.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNOKYMS.
Somewhat oval, wrought with transverse and longitudinal strire, or
prominent ridges, which cross or decussate each other; outside
brown, inside white, with violet spots near the hinge.
Cuneus reticulatus, longitudinaliter et transversim vel decussatlm
striatus, subrufus, intus ex parte violaceus. Reti-
culatus. Reticulated Purr. Ba Costa Br. Conch,
p. 202. tab. 14, fig. 4. 4.
Venus Decussata : testa ovata antice angulata decussatim striata.
Linn. Si/st. Nat. p. m3. No. 1 49. Mus. Beg.
p. 509. No. 77 ?
Concha quasi rhomboides, in medio cardine utrinque circiter tribus
exlguls denticulatis aonata. List. H. An. AngL
p. 171. tit. 20. tab. 4. fig. 20.
PLx\TE LXVII.
Chama fusca striis tenuissimis donata. List. Hist. Conch, tab. 423.
/-. 271.*
Chama Purrs anglice dicta, et Tellina fasciata compactilis radiata
* intus ex parte subaurea, intcrdum subpurpurea.
List. E.vercit. Anat. 3. /;. 25. 27. tab. 3.—
Wallace Orkn. p. 42. — Chama nostras striis ca-
pillaceis. Mus. Petiv. /j. 83. No. 811.
Puna fesciata et radiata. Cornwall Purr. Pctrc. Gaz. tab. 95.
fg. 8. — Chama, Purrs. Dale Ilariv. p. 387.
j\o. 5.
Venus litterata, lettered. Fcnn. Brit. Zool. p. 9G. 53-
The young Shells of this species vary considerably in their colours
and markings, but arc in general remarkable for their elegance ; as
they encrease in growth, those colours and markings gradually fade,
and in old Shells become altogether obscure. It is found in plenty on
most of the soudiern coasts of England and Wales.
■* Gmelin makes a new species of Lister's shell in the Systema Naturje, under the
name obscura, without noticing any other author who describes the same kind " yenui
tbscura testa fusca: striis perpendicularibus tenuissimis, p. 3289. sji. 99."
h u
'S^ji
PLATE LXVIII.
VENUS STRIATULUS.
STRIATED,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth ; two near each other,
the third divergent from the beaks.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and marked with three or four lon-
gitudinal rays of brown.
Pectunculus Striatulus parvus transversim striatus fusco ra-
diatus. Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 191. sp. 21.
tab. 12. fig. 2. 2.
Venus Gallina testa subcordata radiata : striis transversis obtusis, car-
dinis dente postico minimo, margine crenulato.
Linn. Sj/st. N'at. p. 1 130. No. 1 19. — F?i. Sv. 2.
No. 2143?
This is one of the most elegant of the British Shells. It Is found
on the coasts of Dorsetshire, Cornwall, and the isles of Scilly, and
also on those of Wales. The general colour is pale flesh colour,
PLATE LXVIII.
radiated and figured with a chestnut brown, but in some instancet
they vary to an uniform brown or orange, obscurely spotted with
black.
Da Costa is the only English author who notices this species.
'3
r. v^
t^LATE LXIX.
PHOLAS PARVUS.
SMALL P ID DOCK.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal ascldia. Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with
several lesser valves at the hinge. The hinges folded back arid con-
tieiled by a cartilage.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell oval, thinj wrought with transverse wrinkles, and divided
down the middle by a furrow. The half next the hinge undulatsd or
indented. A slender and oblique curved tooth in the cavity under the
beak. Size of a hazel nut*
Pholas Parvus. Little. Pen. Br. 2ool. sp. 13.
Pholas Parvus : simillima tota structura Pholade Bifronte. Ujj
Costa Br. Conch, p. 2 H. sp. 67.
This shell was first described by Pennant in his Zoology ; he says
it very much resembles the Pholas crispatus but is never found larger
than a hazel nut. Da Costa describes it also, but doubts whether it
VOL. II. H
PLATE LXIX.
Is a diflin6l species or only a young shell of that kind. As both
authors have however figured and described it separately, we have
given it a place as a distinct, or at leaft doubtful species.
Pennant says he found these shells in masses of fossil wood in
the shores of Abergclli in Denbighshire : the bottom of their cells
were round and appeared as if nicely turned with some instrument.
According to this author they will also perforate the hardest oak plank
that is accidentally lodged in the water. Da Costa says they are
found in great quantities on the same coasts as the other kind (Pholas
crispatus) nitched in the rocks and stones, and adds that there is an
amazing abundance at Scarborough and Whitby in Yorkshire, nitched
in tlie Alum and other stones.
i^'
\li,
4/
1
PLATE LXX.
MYTILUS BARBATUS*
BEARDED MUSCLE.
GtNERIC CHARACTER.'
The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow»
StECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Short, ventricose, obtuse, ferruginous yellow. An oblique space
extending from the hinge to the apex, covered with a rude epidermis
and irregular filaments.
Mytilus barbatus : testa iKviuscula ferruginea exterius apice bar-
bata. Fn. Suec. 2157. Gmd. Linri. Sj/st. Nat.
p. 3353. sp. 10. Chcvin. Conch. 8. t. 84.
/. 749.
In trawling for marine productions In tlie Straits that divides Caer-
narvon from Anglesea (Menai) last summer, we found several speci-
mens of the Mytilus barbatus of a much larger size than any hitherto
H 2
PLATE LXX.
described by authors, as the figures in the annexed plate will fully
express.
Da Costa has not noticed this species, though it must have been
liinown to him from the figures and descriptions in Pennant's Zoology,
where it stands under the name of M. Curtus. sp, 76. A. Short. Pen-
nant's specimen scarcely exceeds the size of the second specimen
figured in our plate ; — it was described from a Shell in the Portland
Cabinet, that had been taken at Weymouth.
Linnffius mentions this species in the Fauna Sueclca. Gnielin
quotes the Works of Chemnitz for its figure, where it appears some-
what smaller than in those of Pennant, It is certainly very scarce.
PLATE LXXI.
TURBO LINEAIUS.
STREAKED.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax, Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture
somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Somewhat conic. Ash colour variegated with fine streaks and
irregular marks of black ; a rude tooth at the top of the pillar.
Turbo lineatus : trochiformis cinereus lineis aut lituris nigrls
insigniius, columella subdentata. Da Cojia Br,
Conch, p. 100. sp. ^Q. tab. 6. fig. 7.
We believe this species is rather an uncommon, or at least local
kind onthe British shores, though Da Costa says it is found on the
coasts of Devonshire, Cornwall, Dorsetshire, Pwllhely in Caernar-
vonshire, and in plenty on the coasts of Norfolk. The collection
of that author contains but a single specimen, it is a worn Shell and
indifferently expressed by the figure above cjuoted. The most cha-
racteristic Shells of this rpecles we have seen, we found on the rocky
H 3
PLATE LXXI.
shores of Aberfraw, on the western side of Anglesea, and at Ma-
nachty the remotest part of the same island.
This Shell Is large, thick, and conic or shaped like a trochus.
The general colour is ashen with little variation, the lines in some
are dark or almost black, in others of a pale brown, or brown tinged
with red ; when the external covering is worn off the Shell appears
of a fine mother of pearl.
Turbo llneatus is not described by any English Author except Da
Costa.
\
I
\
PLATE LXXIi.
TURBO PERVERSUS,
REVERSEDy OR OAT.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture
somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Taper, somewhat transparent. Spires turn from left to right;
Mouth jagged or beset with teeth.
Turbo Perversus : testa turrita pellucida, anfractibus contrariis
apertura edcntula. Linn. Sijst. Nat. p. 1240.
No. 650.
Cochlea testa pellucida oblonga, spiris decern sinistrorsis, apertura
subrotunda. Linn. Faun. Suec. 1., p. 372.
No. 1300. 2. No. 2172.
Buccinum pullum, opacum, ore compresso, circiter denis spiris fastl-
giatum. List. 11. An. Angl. p. 123. tit. 10.
tab. 2. fig. 10.
Buccinum exiguum pullum duodecim orbium. List. II. Conch.
tab. 41. Jig. 39. MaJ. ct. miu.
H 4
PLATE LXXII.
Buccinuin altemm pclluciuum subflavum, intra senas circiter spiras
mucronatum. List. II. An. Angl. p. 1 24. tit. 1 1 »
tab. 2. fig. W.—Phil, trans. No. 105. fg. 11.
The small Whirl Snail, with nuuierous rounds, and winding from
tlie mouth towards the right hand. Grew. Mas.
p. 132. — Morton AWthampt. p. 415. — Kt Buc-
cinum heterostrophum minutum fuscum sex spi-
rarum ore subrotmido. Id. p. 4^16. tab. Vi.fg. 1,
Buccinulum Angliciim heterostrophon oblongum striis capillaceis.
Petiv. Mus. p. 65. No. 703.
Turbo pervcrsus. Reversed, Fenn. Br, Zool. No. U6. tab. 82.
fg.UG.
Strombiformis parvus pullus, ore compre.sso, anfractibus contrariis
striatis. Perversus, Reversed Oat. Da Costa
Br. Conch, p. 107. tab. 5. Jig. 15. 15.
This is one of the heterostrope Shells, or such as have the mouth
placed on the right side instead of the left, as is usual in most spe-
cies. In general, heterosphe Shells are mere accidental varieties only
of such as turn in the usual manner * ; but in the present instance, it
constitutes a striking character of the species itself.
It is a matter of some difficulty to reconcile the various opinions of
authors respecting the several varieties and growths of this species ;
Da Costa has entered into the enquiry ; and the result of his remarks
appear at least satisfactory to us.
* Reversed shells of the common garden snail have been found, though very rarely.
Oi?e is mentioned by Dr. Latham in his Synopsis of Birds.
PLATE LXXII.
** These smaller ones," says Da Costa, " are the young Shells,
hut always with them are found old ones of double or treble the
size ; in every other respect like these, but proportionally larger and
stronger in tlieir several parts and work. 'Hie plaits or foldings
near the mouth are deep and very strong; the striae stronger and more
distinct ; the border round the mouth greatly turned outwards, very
broad, flat, tliick, milk white, and tlie sinuosities, jap-s or teeth,
within, are large, white, and very conspicuous ; some are bidentatcd,
and most of these old ones have eleven, and some even twelve spires.
" From these circumstances, autliors run into confusion, by
making the difTerent growths different species. The accurate and
judicious Lister himself has formed two species, in his tit. 10. and 1 1.
on the ditFerence of the number of the spires and other sliglit parti-
culars. The several figures in Gualtieri are only varieties ; and the
bidens of Linne, Syst. Nat. p. 12iO. No. 649. and of Mr. Pennant,
Brit. Zool. No. 117. tab. 81, fig. 117. is apparently no other than an
old Shell, for such large and bidentatcd ones I have not unfrec[uently
found nestled with these common smaller Shells.
*' Though tlie number of spires In a Shell Is a criterion, yet It Is
jiot an infallible one, for the number of spires vary in some species,
either from the growdis or sexes : in such cases the young Shells have
always a less number, and the males have their spires less numerous
than.the females. This very species is, perhaps, as strong an instance
of the difl-erence in the number of the spires as can be, for it is
found from six to twelve spires, as Linne has also noted in his
Fauna Suecica."
Linns:us, and Qmelln in his last Systema Natur.-^, distinguish the
PLATE LXXir.
two species BIdens and Perversus chiefly by the number of teeth. TIic
latter is described with three teeth, the former of course with only,
two. Fig. 1.1, denotes die natural size. Fig 2. magnified.
INDEX.
VOL. II.
LINN.EAN ARRANGEMENT.
liEPAS Diadema
Pholas crispata
MULTIVALVIA.
Plate. ri£,
63
■BIVALVIIE.. CONCHA.
Solen Sillqua •
•^— Legumen
■ Ensis
Tellina inaquivalvis
' variabilis
. trifasciata
— ^— carnaria
■ borealis
■ rivalis
Cardium lasvigatum
Mactra Lutraria
— solida
Venus decussata
■ striatulus
— — — exoleta
■I — sinuosa
I I verrucosa
Area glycymeris
I nucleus
Ostrea maxima
«— ^ striata
46
53
50
41
t
41
2
60
47
62
I
6i
£
54
58
6i
67
6S
4»
f
4*
Z
44
37
63
49
45
INDEX.
Plate. Fig.
Mytllus Umbillcatus - - - . - 40
— • cygneus - . _ _ - 55
■ barbatus - - - - - 70
UNIVALVIA.
Cypraea pcdiculus
Bulla pallida
Voluta tornatills
Murex Coineus
Trochus Zizyphimjs
Turbo Lineatus
. striatus
— — perversus
Helix cornea
.. lapicida
, Auricularia
. stagnalis
<- zonaria
Dentalium entalis
43
66
57
33
5*
71
59
72
39
r
39
2>
5t
I
51
«
65
48
INDEX TO VOL. II.
ACCORDING TO
IIISTOPtIA NATURALIS TESTACEORUM
BRITANNIyE of DA COSTA.
PART I.
GENUS 4.
• MARINE. SEA.
P'late. Fig*
i-'SNT At E vulgarcj common tooth-shell - w 48
PART II.
UNIVALVIA INVOLUTA.
GENUS 5. BULLA. DIPPER.
Bulla cyllndracsa cylindrlc - - - . 66
GENUS 6. CYPR^A, COWRY.
Cyprsa pcdjculu»» seu m©nacha, th« Sea Louse or Nuji - 43
i N D E ^.
PART III.
UNIVALVIA TURBINATA.
TROCHUS TOP SHELL.
* MARINE. SEA.
Trochus Zizyplilnus, Livid
Plate. Fig*
5»
GENUS 9. HELIX
Helix Acuta, /harp - - - - -39^
FLUVIATILES, RIVER,
GENUS 34.
Comu Arl«t!s> Ram's Horn
39 «
Cochlea virgata, ftrlped
COCHLEA SNAILS.
TERRESTRES. LAND.
6i
Turbo strlatus, striated
GENUS 41.
TERRESTRES. LAND.
TURBO,
5^
INDEX.
FLUVIATILES. RIVER.
• Plate Fig.
Turbo stagnatisi Lake - — - - 51a
Turbo Patulus, Wide Mouth - - - 51 I
MARIN/E. SEA,
Turbo llneatus, streaked - - - - 71
Turbo ovalis. Oval - - • , 57
GENUS 12. STROMBIFORMIS. NEEDLE SNAIL,
TERRESTRES. LAND.
Stromblformis perversus, reversed or oat - «• 7*
MARIN/E. SEA.
Murex graclle, flender » - r 5 3?
ORDER 2.
BIVALVES.
GENUS 1. PECTEN. ESCALLOP.
"Pecten vulgaris, common * >- - • 45
GENUS 2. OSTREUM. OYSTER.
Ostreum striatum, striat«d i. ^^ ^ . 45
index'.
PART. IL
MARINi?:. SEA.
GENUS 4. GLYCYMERIS.
Plate. Fi^.
Glycymerls orblculnris, orbicular ' " * 37
Glycymeris Argtntea, silvtry - - - 63
Genus (5. cardium. heart cockle.
waring. sea,
Cardium Lsvlgatum, smooth . - . 54
Cardium carneosum, flc(h. coloured . * - 47
PECTUNCULUS. COCKLE.
Pcctunculiis strigatus, ridged - k _ 44
Pectunculus capillaccus, Hair streaked - - 42 i
GENUS 3. TRrcONELLA.
MARINE SEA.
Trigonella zonaria, girdled - - . - Ct
Trigontlla plana, flat - - - - 6a
GE^US 9. CUnIuS. fURR,
Cuneus retlculatus, reticulated Purr . - * 67
GENtTS 10. TELL^'nA. TELLEN.
Tellina radiata, rayed ■ « • i» 60
INDEX.
GENUS 11. MYTILUS MUSCLE.
FLUVIATILES* RIVER.
Plate. Fig.
Mytllus Cygneus, gfeat Horse Muscle _ • 5^
MARINE. SEA.
Mytllus curvirostris, wry beak - - - 40
Mytllus barbatus, bearded - • . - 70
PART III.
GENUS 13. CHAMA. GAPER.
MARIN.(E. SEA.
ChamA magna, large » . - > 5$
GENUS 14. sole::. sheath or RAZOR SHELL.
Solen slliqua. Pod ... . - 46
Solen ensis. Scymetar - - - - 50
Solen legumen. Pe..secod - - - - 53
PART IV.
MULTIVALVES.
GENUS 16. PHOLAS. PIDDOCKS.
Pholas bifrons, double-fronted ~ - . €z
Pholas parvus - -, _ . « 63
VOL. II, \ I
INDEX.
GENUS 17. BALANUS. ACORN.
MARINE. SEA.
Plate. Fig.
Balanus Balaena, Whale - - - . 56
ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. XL
Acuta Hel^x, sharp . _ .
Auricularia Helix, £^s, or Wide Mouth River Snail
ParbatUi Mytilus, Bearded » • .■
Borealis, Tellina ....
Carnaria, Tellina, Flefti coloured Tellen
Cointa, Helix, Rani's Horn
Corneas, iVIurcx, Horny o. slender Whelk
Crispata, Phol's. Curled or Double fronted Piddock
Cygnicus, lV:yt,i as. Great Horse or Swan Muscle
Deciissata, Venus, reticulated
Diadema, Lcpas, Whale Acorn Shell
Ensis, Solen, Jjcymetar _ - «
Entails, DentaLum, Tooth Shell
Exoietn, Venus, ant.quated _ _ -
Glycymeris, Area, Orbicular Ark
Ina-'quivalvis, Tellina, Unequal-valved Tellen
Lapicida, Helix, Acute-edged
Lxvigatum, Ca-dium, Large High -beaked Cockle
Laegumen, Solen, Peasecod _ , _
Lineatus, Turbo, streaked - - »
Lutraria, Mactra, Large Gaper
Maxima, Ostrea, Great Scallop
Nucleus, Area, Silvery Ark - _ _
Pallida, Bulla, Pnle or Cylindrlc Bulla
Parvus, Pholas, Small Piddock
Pediculus, Cyprsea, Sea Louse, Cowry, or Nun
Perversus, Turbo, Reversed or Oat
Riva'is, Tellina - _ - -
Siliqua, Solen, Large or Pod Solen
Sinuosa, Venus, Indented Venus Shell
Solida, Mactra, Girdled . . -
Stagnahs, KeliX, Lake Snail _ - .
Plate.
F!g.
39
z
51
X
70
6z
47
39
I
38
6z
55
67
56
50
48
42
t
37
41
39
X
54
53
71
58
49
63
66
69
43
72
62
2
46
42
Z
61
51
z
INDEX.
Plate. Fig.
Striata, Ostrea, Striated Oyster - , - 45
Striatulus, Venus, striated - - - - 68
Striatus, Turbo, striated Wreath Shell - - - 59
Tomatilis, Voluta, Oval volute - • - 57
Trifasciata, Tellina, Three-streaked Tellen - - 60
Variabilis Tellina, variable - - • - 41 »
Verrucosa, Venus, Warted Venus Shell - - 44
Umbllicatus, Mytilus, Umbillcated or Wry Beak Muscle - 49
Zlzyphinus, Trochus, Livid Top Shell - - - 5a
Zonaria, Helix, Striped Snail . - - - 65
END OF VOL. IIo
Priijted by Bye and Law, St. John's -Square, Cleikenvvfell.
THE
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
BRITISH SHELLS,
INCLUDINO
FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF ALL THE
SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN,
SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED
IN THE LINNEAN MANNER,
SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON EACH,
VOL. III.
-^v^^^*^^^^
By E. DONOVAN, F.L.S.
AUTHOR OF THE NATURAL HISTORIES OF
BRITISH BIRDS, INSECTS, &C. &C.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR,
AND FOR
F. AND C. RIVINGTON, N° 62, ST. PAUL'S CHURCH-YARa
BY EY& AND LAW, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, CLERKENWELt.
1801,
73
tiIe
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
BRITISH SHELLS.
PLATE LXXIIL
MYA MARGARITIFERA.
RjyER PEARL MUSCLE.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge
for the most part furnished with a thick strong broad tooth, not
inserted into the oppofite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
SYNONYMS.
Shell oblong, thick, and covered with a coatse black epidermis,
much decorticated or w^orn down about the beaks. A large notched
cspnlc cootK in one valve, and two small ones in the other.
A 2
PLATE LXXIII.
Mya Margaritifera : testa ovata anterius coarctata, cardinis dente
primario conico, natibus decorticatis. Linn,
Fn. Suec. 2130. — Gruel. Linn. Sijst. Nat.
3219. sp. 4.
Mya nigrescens crassa & ponderosa margaritifera. Margaritifera.
Da Costa Br. Conch, p. 225. sp. 53. tab. 15.
fg. 3. 3.
Musculus niger omnium crassissima et ponderosissima testa. Conchs
longas species. Gesn. &" Aldrov. List. App.
11. An. Angl. p.W. tit. 31. tab. I. fig. I. &'
App. H. An. Angl. in Goed. p. 15. tit. 31,
fab. 1 . fig. 1 .
Musculus niger omnium longe crassissimus. Conchse longae species.
Gefn. ^ Aldr. Hist. Conch, tab. 149. fig. 4.
Musculi margaritiferi. Bede Hist. Ecclesiast. I. I.e. 1.
Martin's West. Isles, p. 7. 6(c.
Pearl Muscles. Leigh Lancashire, p. 134.
Mytulus major margaritiferus. Wallis Northumb. p. 403. No. 42.
Mya margaritifera. Pearl. Pejtn. Br. Zool. No. 18. tab. 4:3. fig. 18.
*' This sliell," says Pennant, " is noted for producing quantities
of pearl. There have been regular fisheries for the sake of this pre-
cious article in several of our rivers. Sixteen have been found in one
shell. They are the disease of the fifh analogous to the stone in the
human body. On being squeezed, they will eject the pearl, and
often cast it spontaneously in the sand of the stream.
*' The Conway was noted for them in the days of Camden. A
noti(^n also prevails that Sir Richard Wynne, of Gwydir, chamber-
PLATE LXXIir.
lain to Catherine queen to Charles II. presented her majesty with a
pearl (taken in this river) which is to this day honoured with a place
in the regal crown. They are called by the Welsh Cregin Diluw,
or Deluge Shells, as if left there by the flood.
" The Irt, in Cumberland, was also productive of them. The
famous circumnavigator, Sir John Hawkins, had a patent for fishing
that river. He had observed pearls plentiful in the straits of Magel-
lan, and flattered himself with being enriched by procuring them
within his own island.
*' In the last century, several of great size were gotten in the
rivers in the county of Tyrone and Donegal, in Ireland. One
weighed thirty-six carats^ was valued at 40l. but being foul lost
much of its worth. Other single pearls were sold for 4l. 10s. and
even for lOl. The last was sold a second time to lady Glenlealy,
who put it into a necklace, and refused 80l. for it fiom the duchess
of Ormond."
" Suetonius reports, that Csssar was induced to undertake his British
expedition for the sake of our pearls ; and that they were so large
that it was necessary to use the hand to try the weight of a single
one*- I imagine Csesar only heard this by report; and that the
crystaline balls in old leases, called mineral pearl, were mistaken for
themf."
" We believe that Ccesar was disappointed of his hope : yet we are
told that he brought home a buckler made with British pearl |, which
* Sutton. Vit. Jul. Cas. c. Ixiv. + Woodward's Method of Fo:slls, 29. pi'-t 2-
^ Pllmiy lib. 9. c. 35. Tacit. V.t. ^grkola.
PLATE LXXIir.
he dedicated to, and hung up In the temple of Venus Genetrlx. A
proper offering to the goddess of beauty, who sprung from the sea.
I cannot omit mentioning, that notwithstanding the classics honour
our pearl with their notice, yet they report them to be small and ill
coloured ; an imputation that in general they are still liable to. Pliny
says, ** that a red small kind was found about the Thracian Bospho-
rus, in a shell called Mya, but does not give it any mark to ascertain
the species."
The Mya Margaritifcra is found only in great rivers, and chiefly in
those of the northern parts of Great Britain. Da Costa mentions the
Tees, Alne, North and South Tyne, Tweed, Dee, Don, See. and
adds, generally inhabits the deeper parts, as gulphs, whirlpools, ^c.
The fishermen in the neighbourhood of the river Conway some-
times collect those shells, and extract the pearl, but as they are now
become scarce, and the price inconsiderable, the fishery affords them
little encouragement.
V
w
^k
PLATE LXXIV.
TROCHUS CINERARIUS.
UMBILICAL TOP SHELL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a slug. Shell spiral sub-conic.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Umbilicate^ or perforated at the base. Not very conic. Five
whirls.— Colours various, generally greenish, radiated obliquely with
red or brown.
Trochus Cinerarius : testa oblique umbllicata, ovata, anfractibus
rotundatis. Linn. Syst. Nat. "p, 1229. A^o. 590.
Trochus planior umbilicatus, undatim ex fusco perbelle radiatus,
Umbilicalis Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 46.
tab. 3. Jig. 4. 4.
Trochus planior undatim ex rubro late radiatus. List. H. Conch.
tab. 6^1. fig. 32.
Umbilicated Top shell. Dale Harwich, p. 3S1. No. 4.
Trochus Umbilicaris. Umbilical. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 106.
tab. SO. fig. 106.
A very common species on most of the British shores,
A 4
r
PLATE LXXV.
HELIX VORTEX.
COMMON fTHIRL SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell of five wreaths, horizontal. Somewhat convex on the upper
side, under side flat, and carinated, or surrounded with a sharp edge.
Helix Vortex : testa carinata ; supra concava, aperture ovali plana.
Linn, Si/st. Nat. p. 1243. No. 667.
Cochlea testa plana fusca : supra concava, anfractibus quinque, mar-
gine acuto. Linn. Fn. Suec. I. p. 374. No. 130.
7. 11. No. 2172.
Cochlea exigua, subfusca, altera parte planior, sine limbo, quinque
spirarum. List. H. An. Angl. p. 145. tit. 28.
tab. 2. Jig. 28.
Cochlea exigua quinque orbium. List. Conch, tab. 138. fig. 43.
Planorbis polygirata minor. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 92. fig. 6. 7.
Morton Northampt. p. 4:11.
Helix vortex. Whirl. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 124. tab. Si. fig. 124.
PLATE LXXV.
Cochlea exigua plana sine limbo. Planorbis. Da Costa. Br. Conck.
p. 65. sp. 36. tab. 4. fig. 12.
A very common species of aquatic snail in stagnant waters and
rivers. It is flat and thin, and has not a prominent border as in Helix
Limbata of Da Costa, or Helix Planorbis of Pennant,
76
PLATE LXXVr.
BUCCINUM RETICULATUM.
RETICULATED WRY MOUTHED U^MELK,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal slug. Shell spiral, gibbous, aperture oval, ending in a
short canal.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong, reticulated, or furrowed transversely and longitudinally.
Mouth beset with prominent teeth.
BucciNUM RETICULATUM : testa ovato-oblonga transversim ftriata,
longitudinaliter rugosa, apertura dentata.
Gmel. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. p. 3493. sp. 111.
Buccinum recurvirostrum cancellatum, columella sinuosa, labro
dentato. Reticulatum. Da Cojla. Br,
Conch, p. 131. tab.l.fg. 10.
Buccinum brevi rostrum cancellatum, dense sinuosum, labro dentato.
List. II. Conch, tab. 966. fig. 21.
Buccinum marinum cancellatum. Small latticed Whelke. Petiv.
Gaz. tab. 75. fig. 4,
PLATE LXXVI.
Bale Harw. p. 283. No, 1. S( p. 285.
No. 3.
Smooth chequered Whelk. Smith. Cork. p. 318.
Very common on several of our sea coasts, especially on those of
Essex, Kent, Sussex, &c. Also found in Wales and Ireland.
77
PLATE LXXVII.
VENUS ISLANDICA.
THICK VENUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other,
the third divergent from the beaks.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
SYNONYMS.
Shell strong, thick, heavy, covered with epidermis ; space in which
the hinge is inserted gaping. Margin acute and entire. White
within.
Venus Islandica : testa transversim striata rudi, nymphis hiantibus,
ano nullo. Gmel. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. 3271. sp. 15.
Pectunculus major crassus, albo castaneus. Crassus, Da Costa Br,
Conch, sp. 183. tab. 14. fig. 5.
Concha 6 maximis, admodum Crassa, rotunda, ex nigro rufescens.
List, H. An. Angl. p. 170. tit. 22. tab. ^.fig. 22.
Pectunculus maximus, subfuscus, valde gravis. List. H. Conch, tab.
212. fig. 108.
Venus mercenaria. Commercial. Penn. £r. Zool, No. 47. tab.
bZ. fig. 4.1.
PLATE LXXVn.
Chama inasquilatera, laevls, crassa, subalbida. Gualt. 1. Conch, tab.
S5.f.g. B.
Da Costa notices a material error amongst the synonyms Lin-
naeus has given with his description of Venus Mercenaria. The
Venus Mercenaria of Linnaeus is the shell called North American
Clam, and of which the Wampum, or Indian money, is made ; this
is not the species found on our coast and figured by Lister, p.
173. as Linn«tis imagined, but a shell altogether distinct; the
English species Lister notices, is the true Venus Islandica of the
Linnaean Systema Natura.
This error has misled Pennant, who confounds the North American
kind with our species, at least as a variety having a purple tinge
within it. Gmelin was aware of this mistake, for in his edition
of the Systema Naturae, both the plates and descriptions of Pen-
nant and Da Costa are referred to in the synonyms of Venus Islandica.
This shell is perfectly white when fine, and is thickly covered
with a fibrous epidermis of a black, or brownish colour. Pound
on several of our coasts. Da Costa mentions Northumberland,
Yorkshire, Lancashire, Dorsetshire, Caernarvonshire, and other
shores of Wales. Aberdeenshire, afld the islands of Orkney, &c,
iiit Sc^tliai^
--''N^
PLATE LXXVIII.
ARCA CAUDATA.
TAILED ARK SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Tethys. Shell bivalve equivalve. Teeth of the hinge
numerous, inserted between each other.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Oblong oval, one end rotundated, the other produced or length-
ened out, angulated, and truncated at the end.
Arca CAUDATA : testa oblongo ovall anterius rotundata posterius
elongata angulata, apice subtruncata.
Very rare, and not hitherto described as a British species. Found
on the Kentish coast.
V
®
, P L A T E LXXIX.
BULLA RESILIENS.
ELASTIC BULLA,
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Animal Limax. Shell rather convoluted at one end, sub-oval.
Aperture oblong.
Shell oval, pellucid, elastic. Spire somewhat depressed and cana-
liculated, or grooved along the margin.
Bulla Resiliens : ovalis, pellucida, vi resilienti prseditae, spira.
subdepressa anfractibus canaliculatus.
This interesting species of Bulla, which has lately been found
in Devonshire, and considered as a new discovery, was first in-
troduced to the notice of English Conchologists by the Rev. Mr.
Cordiner. He discovered them some years ago on the shores of
BamfF, one of the Scottish islands, and sent them, with several
others, disposed in a grotto work, as a present to the late Du-
chess of Portland. Since that time they have been found at Ly-
mington, in Dorsetshire, by Mr. Keate ; and lastly, during the
vol. III. JB
PLATE LXXIX.
summer months of 1800, was taken in a moat near Portsmouth,
by J. Laskey, Esq. of Crcditon, who favoured us with some
particulars respe(5ting the animal inhabiting it. In a young state,
he says, it has the appearance of a winged insect, and sports in
its watery element with all the liveliness of a butterfly, and formed
a pleasing object when kept alive in a glass of sea water. It
seems to prefer little pools, or still waters within reach of the
tide, to more exposed situations.
In general the specimens that have been found at Portsmouth
are very small, the shell from which the upper figure is copied
far exceeding the others in size. This species, though ver^' ihin
and brittle, is yet so elastic as to bear much compression with-
out injury, and in this respect differs from every other British species
of Bulla already known. Amongst the foreign kinds arc several
elastic kinds ; and this very species is found of a much larger
size in the Mediterranean Sea. — Independent of its elasticity, the
convoluted apex is a material rlmractcr of this shell, considered
as a Britisli species.
so
I
I
I
PLATE LXXX.
TURBO MUSCORUM.
CYLINDRICy OR MOSS fTREATH SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral or of a taper form. Aperture
somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Cylindric, pellucid, six spires, separated by a strong furrow,
obtuse at the tip. Mouth oval.
Turbo Muscorum : testa ovata obtusa pelluclda : anfractlbus senis
secundis, aperture edentula. Gmel. Linn. Si/st.
Nat. p. 3611. 5p. 94.
Cochlea testa subpelluclda, splrls sex dextrorsis, subcyllndracea obtusa,
Linn. Faun. Siiec. I. p. 372. No. 1301. 2. No.
2173.
Turbo minimus mucrone obtuso, sive vcre cylindraceus. Cj/lindra-
ceus, tab. 5. Jig. 16.
Bucclnum exlguum subflavum, mucrone obtuso, slve cylindraceum.
List. H. An. Angl. p. 121. tit. 6. tab. 2. fig. 6.
Bucclnulum minimum ovale. Petiv, Gaz. tab. 35. fg. 6.
Morton^ Northampt. p. 415.
Tcrbo Muscorum. Pen. Br, ZooL No. 118. tab. ^2. Jig. 118 '
PLATE LXXX.
Llnnaetis and Da Costa have described this species with six spires ;
Pemiant mentions only four; and we have remarked, that those with-
four spires are more numerous than the others.
It is a small shell, rarely exceeding the size of the smallest figures
in the annexed plate; is very transparent, smooth and glossy, but
under the magnifier exhibits many longitudinal streaks.
This shell inliabits mosses on old walls, thatches, trees. Sec. It has
been found by Da Costa in Middlesex and Surry ; by Petiver on the
sandy banks of the Thames, at Kingston, in the latter county. Dr.
Lister, in plenty at Estrope, in Lincolnshire. Morton, in great plenty
in the ground near Morsley Wood, in Northamptonshire; and re-
ceived also by Da Costa, from Leeswood, in Flintshire-
Si
PLATE LXXXL
MYTILUS PELLUCIDUS.
PELLUCID MUSCLE,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge toothless and consists of a longitudinal furrow.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong, very pellucid, rayed longiludinallywith purple.
Mytilus PELLUCIDUS : oblonga pellucida longitudinaliter violaceo*
radiata.
Mytilus PELLUCIDUS, Pewi. Brit. Zoot. 4. p. 112. sp. 75.
This is one of the new species of Mytilus discovered by Pennant
on the coast of Anglesea, where he says, it is " found sometimes in
oyster-beds, and sometimes in trawling over slutchy bottoms." We
dredged up a specimen of it in the straits of Menai, but it was rather
less of an oblong form than that described and figured by Pennant ;
and another similar to it was also found on the Flintshire shores: —
both Pennant's specimen and ours are figured in the annexed plate.
VOL. III. C
PLATE LXXXI.
We have lately received a very analogous species, if not a mere
vririety of it from Portsmouth ; but those were evidently of foreign
;:ro\vth, having been gathered from the bottom of the William Tell
j/fizc ship, soon after its arrival from Malta.
<;2,
">\
PLATE LXXXIL
MYA DECLIVIS.
SLOPING MYA, OR GAPER,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve gaping at one end. The hinge
for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, and broad tooth, not
inserted into the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
ANO
SYNONYMS.
Shell somsvvhat oval, posterior end obliquely angulated. Tooth
©f the hinge thick and scarcely prominent.
Mya DECLIVIS ; testa subovali, postice oblique subangulata. Car-
dinis dente crasso vix prominente.
MyA Declivis with a brittle, half transparent shell, with a hinge
slightly prominent ; less gaping than the truncata ;
near the open end sloping downwards. Penn. Br.
Zool. Vol 4:. p. 19. sp. 15.
C 2
PLATE LXXXII.
Pennant Informs us that this species is frequent about the He-
brides , and that the fish is eaten by the gentry. We cannot
question his authority in this respect, but luust observe, it is un-
commonly rare in cabinets of British Shells, and has not even
been noticed, we believe, by any other Autlior. — ^Pennant has not
figured it.
?/^
%\vS^
PLATE LXXXIII.
VENUS GRANULATA.
SPECKLED VENUS,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth ; two near each other,
and the third divergent from the beaks.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
SYNONYMS,
Shell rotund, sulcated longitudinally and decussated with transverse
striae ; margins crenulated. Outside whitish, variegated with livid
and purple spots. Inside violet,
Venus Granulata : testa rotundata decuflatim striata anterlus
ct margine crenulato violacea. Gnicl. Linn.
Sj/sL Nat. p. 3277. sp. 33,
Venus marica. Born. Mas. des. vind. test. t. 4. /. 5. 6.
Born has figured and described this shell as Venus Marica, and to
distinguish it from a Llnnaean species of the same name some cou-
PLATE LXXXlir.
chologists have denominated it Venus Marica spuria. It is the Venus
granulata of Gmehn, who refers to Born's figure in the synonyms.
Gmelin describes another shell under the name of Venus Violacea ;
which nearly agrees with V. granulata, V. Violacea : testa intus
violacea : striis perpendicularibus squamosjs, margine denticulato.
Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3288. sp. 94. This shell is figured in Lister^s
Conch, t. 338. f. 175. and is destitute of those external marks and
specklings we have invariably observed on specimens of Venus gra-
nulata.
V. granulata is very rare on our coast. The smallest shell in the
annexed plate was found in Cornwall. The large specimen is pro-
bably ^n old shell of this species.
PLATE LXXXIV.
•
HELIX POMA71A.
ITALIAN OR EXOTIC SNAIL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS. *
Shell globose, with five spires, and umbilicated ; whitish fasciate<J
with brown. Mouth rather roundish.
Helix Pomatia: testa umbilicata subovata obtusa decolore, aper-
tura subrotundo-hniata. Gi)iel. Litui. Si/st. Nat.
p. 3627. ^7^. 47. Fn. Suec. 12S:3.
Cochlea magna cinereo rufescens, fasciata, leviter umbilicata. Po-
matia. Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 61. sp. ZS.tu!).
4./-. 14. 14.
Cochlea cinerea, maxima, edulis, cujus os operculo crasso velur
Gypseo per hyemem clauditur. Pomatia. Gesii.
de Aquat. pp. 644. 2b 5.
Cochlea cinereo rufescens, fasciata, leviter umbilicata. Poma:;a
Gesneri. List. II. Conch, tab. IS. fig. 46.
c 4
PLATE LXXXIV.
Cochlea pomatia eJulis Gesnerl. List. Exercif. Anat. 1. p. 162.
tab. 1.
Cochlea alba major cum suo operculo. Merret Pin. p. 207.
Morton Northampt. p. 415.
Rutty Dublin, p. 379.
Helix Pomatia, Exotic. Peim. Br. Zool. No. 128. tab. 84-, fg. 128.
Pomatia. Argenville Conch. I. tab. Z2. fig. I. p. 383. II. p. 338.
tab. 2S. fig. 1. p. 81. tab. 9. fig. 4.
Helix testa imperforata globosa rufescente, fasciis obsoletis- Mul.
Zool. dan. prodr. 2901. Hist. verm. 2. p. 43. n.
243.
Cochlea testa ovata quinque spirarum, pomatia dicta. Linn. Fn.
Suec. I. p. 2,69. No. 1293. II. No. 2183.
Martin berl. Mag. 2. p. 530. tab. I. fig. 1. et. 3.
tab. 2. fig. 13.
Schroet. Erdconch. p. 145. n, 14. 15. tab. l.fig^
10.
Knorr Vcrgn. 1. tab. 21. fig. 32.
Pennant has named this species of Helix with some propriety the
Exotic Snail, for, though it is found at this time in vast abundance ia
several parts of the country, it is not an indigenous kind. By whom
it was first introduced is uncertain; Pennant mentions Sir Ke.nelm
Digby, and Da Costa speaks of Charles Howard, Esq. of the Arundel
family. Its history, as related by Da Costa, is so very interesting,
that we shall give it in the words of its author: —
" It is the largest species of land snail in England, and is found in
hedges and woods. It closes its shell carefully against winter, witli a
PLATE LXXXIV.
white thick cover or operculum, dull and like plaister, and in the
closed state it remains till the beginning of April, or warm weather,
at which time it loosens the border of the cover, and the animal
creeps out of the shell for its necessary occasions. Dr. Lister in-
forms us he kept one in his bosom about the beginning of March,
when the animal, feeling the warmth, in a few hours disengaged its
cover, and crept out.
" The animal being large, fleshy, and not of an unpleasant taste,
has been used for food in ancient times: it was a favourite dish with
the Romans, who had their cochlearia, or snail stews, wherein they
bred and fattened them. Pliny tells us, that the first inventor of this
luxury was a Fulvius Harpinus, a little before the civil wars between
Caesar and Pompey. Varro has handed down to us a description of
the stews, and manner of making them : He says, open places were
chose, surrounded by water, that the snails might not abandon them,
and care was taken that the places were not much exposed to the sun,
or to the dews. The artificial stews were generally made under rocks
or eminences, whose bottoms were watered by lakes or rivers ; and
if a natural dew or moisture was not found, they formed an artificial
one, by bringing a pipe to it bored full of holes, like a watering
pot, by which the place was continually sprinkled or moistened. The
snails required little attention or food, for as they crawled they found
it on the floor or area, and on the walls or sides, if not hindered by
^he surrounding water. They were fed with bran and sodden lees
of wines, or like substances, and a few laurel leaves were thrown
on it.
" Pliny tells us there were many sorts, as the Whitish from L'^m-
tria, the large sort from Dalmatia, and the African, &c. This par-
PLATE LXXXIV.
ticular kind seems to be that he mentions, 1. 8. c. 39, They propa-
gate very much, and their spawn is very minute.
** Varro is scarcely to be credited, when he says, some would
grow so large, that their shells held ten quarts.
*' They were also fed and fattened in large pots or pans, stuck
full of holes to let in the air, and lined with bran and sodden lees, or
vegetables.
** They are yet used as food In several parts of Europe, more es-
pecially during Lent, and are preserved in ftews or escargotoireSy
now a large place boarded in, and the floor covered with herbs,
-wherein they nestle and feed.
*• In Italy, in many places, they are sold in the markets, and arc
called Bavoliy Martinacci and Gallinelle ; in many provinces of
France, as Narbonne, Tranche Comte, &c. and even in Paris. They
boil them, says Lister, in river water, and seasoning them with salt,
pepper, and oil, make a hearty repast.
" This Is not indigenous, or originally a native of these kingdoms,
but a naturalized species, that has throve so well, as now to be found
in very great quantities. It was 6rst Imported to us from Italy about
the middle of last century, by a scavoir vivre, or epicure, as an article
of food. Mr. Aubrey Informs us, it was a Charles Howard, Esq.
of the Arundel family, who, on that account, scattered and dispersed
those snails all over the downs, and in the woods, &c. at Albury,
an ancient seat of that noble family, near Ashted, Boxhill, Dorking,
and Ebbisham, or Epsom, in Surrey, where they have thriven so
much that all that part of tlie county, even to the confines of Sussex,
PLATE LXXXIV.
abounds with them ; insomuch that they are a nuisance, and far sur-
pass in number the commori, or any other species of Enghs'i snails.
The Epicures, or scavoir vivre, of those days, followed this luxu-
rious folly, and the snails were scattered or dispersed throughout the
kingdom, but not with equal success ; neither have records ti-ans-
mitted to posterity the fame of those worthies equal to the Roman
Fulvius Harpinus, except of two, the one Sir Kenelm Digby, who
dispersed them about Gothurst the seat of that family (now of the
Wrights) near Newport Pagnel, in Buckinghamshire, wlicre probably
they did not thrive much, as they were not frequent thereabout : the
other worthy was a lord Hatton, recorded by Mr. Morton, who
scattered them in the coppices at his seat at Kirby, in Northampton-
shire, where they did not succeed.
*' Dr. Lister found them about Puckeridgc and Waie, in Hert-
fordshire ; and observes, they are abundant in the Southern parts,
but are not found in the northern parts of this island.
*' In Surry, as before mentioned, they abound ; in several other
counties they are not uncommon, as in Oxfordshire, especially about
Woodstock and Bladen ; in Glouccflerfliire, in Chedworth parish,
and about Frog Mill, in Dorsetshire, &c. but I have never hcar4
that they are yet met with in any of the northern counties."
PLATE LXXXV.
MYA ARENARIA.
SAND CAPER,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal an Ascidla. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge
for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not in-
serted in the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
ANO
SYNONYMS.
Shell rather ovated, one end rounded, the other narrow and gaping.
Hinge, in one valve a hollow cavity, near which a broad, erect, rounded
tooth of the opposite valve is received.
My A Arenaria : testa ovata posterius rotundata, cardinis dente an-
trorsum porrecto rotundato denticuloque laterali.
Lin. Faun. Suec. 2127. — Gmtl. Linn. Sj/st. p.
3218. 303. sp. 2.
Mya Arenaria. Sand. Perm. Br. Zool. p. 79. T. 42. 16.
Chamae media ovata fusca. Arenaria. Da Cojla. Br. Conch, p. 232.
sp. 56.
Mya Arenaria. Bast, opusc. subs. 2. p. 69. t. l.fg. 1-3.
PLATE LXXXV.
This species is similar In its external appearance to the Mactra Lu-
trarla ; yet It may be immediately distinguished from that shell by the
singular structure of the hinge. The large, erect, plate-like tooth
common to the Mya genus, is particularly characteristic in this
species.
Da Costa received it from the Isle of Wight, near Newport,
and from Bigbury-Bay, near Faversham ; but observes, it is not a com*
mon siicll.
JO
#
i
^
PLATE LXXXVI.
]VIUREX DECOLLATUS.
SHORTENED MUREX, OR ROCK! SHELL,
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Spiral, rough, the aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat
produced gutter or canaliculation.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
MuREx Decollatus: testa ventricosa lasvl, patulo-subcaudata,
spira in capitulum desinentc.
Somewhat ventricose, smooth, mouth produced. Spire terminated
in a capitulum or knob.
MuREx Decollatus. Penn. Br. Zool. T. 4. p. 125. sp, 102.
Pennant oiFers his Murex Decollatus as a species with doubts. It
has certainly the appearance of a shell much mutilated, or of extraor-
dinary growth ; but as all the specimens we have examined exhibit the
same appearance, we have ventured to assign it a new character, and
rank it as a distinct species.
It is a rare shell on the British shores, said to have been found on
those of Cornwall and Devonshire.
PLATE LXXXVII.
HELIX VIVIPARA.
VIVIPAROUS SNAIL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell suboval, obtuse, spires ventricose or swelled, umbillcated.
Olive, girdled with three brown lines.
Helix vivipara: testa imperforata subovata obtusa cornea: cin-
gulis fuscatis, apertura suborbiculari Fn. Su.
21 $5. — Gmel. Linn. Sj/sL Nat. p. 364'6, sp.
105.
Cochlea testa oblongiuscula obtusa anfractibus teretibus, lineis tri-
bus lividis. Fn. S'uec. I. p. 375. No. 1312.
Cochlea maxima fusca sive nigricans, fasciata. List. LI. An. Angl.
p. 133. tit. 18. tab. 2. fig. 18.
Cochlea fasciata ore ad amussim rotundo. Fhil. Trans. No. 105.
fig. 17. — Cochlea maxima viridescens fasciata
vivipara. List. Exercit. Anat. 2. p. 17. tab. 2.
C. vivipara fasciata fluviatilis. List, H. Conch, tub. 126. fig. 26. —
C. vivipara altera nostras testa tenuiori fluvii
Cham. lb. Mant. tab. 1055. fig. C.
VOL. Ill, B
PLATE LXXXVII.
Helix vlvipara, viviparous. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 132. tab. 84.
fig' 132.
Cochlea fusco viridescens trifasciata. Vivipara. Da Costa. Br*
Conch, p. 81. sp. 44.
This kind is found in abundance in all rivers and stagnant waters.
The river kind seems to vary in some respects from the other ; the
shells are more opake, and the colours are brighter than in those
which inhabit the stagnant water.
The animal has a head not unlike that of a Bull, from which cir-
cumstance the Swedes, according to Linnaeus, call it the Bull-head,
and some French authors, limocon a tete cle been/, for the same
reason. It feeds on Duck Weed.
a?
-:v
\
PLATE LXXXVIIL
BULLA HYDATIS„
PINNACE DIPPER3 OR BUBBLE SHELL*
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limaix. Shell rather convoluted at one end, sub-ovaL
Aperture oblong,
SPECIFIC CHARACTEJt
AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong-ovall, fragile, pellucid, finely striated loiigltudlnally, base
deeply umbllicated.
Bulla Hydatis: testa rotundata pelluclda longltudinaliter substrl-
ata: vertlce umbllicato. Linji. Syst. Nat. p. 1183*
No. 377. — Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3424. sp. 9 .
Nux Marina umbilicata, minutlssime per longitudinem striata, sub-
rotunda, ore admodum patulo, tenius, fragilis can^
dida. Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. 13* fg. D.D,
Chemn. 9. t. 118./. 1019.
Bulks d'eau blanches, papyrac^es. Tonnes a bouche entlere. D^Avila
Cab. p. 207. iVb. 389.
Bulla Ovalls, fragilis et pelluclda. Naviacula. Da Costa Br, Conch.
p. 28. sp. VS.— Tab. I. jig. 10.
VOL. HI. Tu
PLATE LXXXVIIL
Da Costa observes, that all the shells he had seen of this species
were fished up at, or near, Weymouth ia Dorsetshire; and concludes,
that it is rare in our seas, having never heard of it on any other Bri-
tish coast. We believe with Da Costa, it is local ; though it pro-
bably inhabits other parts of our coasts.
We have been lately favoured with several shells of the Bulla
genus from Portsmouth, w?iich some Concho! oglsts have thought a
new species, and named Citrina; they do not, certainly, differ spe-
cifically from the shell in Da Costa's collection, which he calls
Bulla Naviacula, (HyJatis of Linnaeus) as will appear evident from
the specimens figured in the annexed plate.
Fig. 1. — Bulla Naviacula (Ili/datis Linn.) — — Fig. 2, a specimen
from Portsmouth of a paler colour than Da Costa's shell.- — — Fig. 3,
4. old shells found on tlie mud and clay of the shore.
'J
vf»5«iW
PLATE LXXXIX.
MYA OVALIS.
OVAL CAPER,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal ascldia.' Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge for
the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not in-
serted in the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
ANO
SYNONYMS.
Shell rather an oblong oval, with a large longitudinal crenulated
tooth in one valve, and two in the other.
Mya OVALIS : testa oblongo-ovali cardinis dente primario crenulato
longitudinali ; alterius duplicate.
Mususciilus angustior, ex flavo viri descens, validus, umbonibus acutis,
valvarum cardinibus velut pinnis donatis, sinuosis.
List. Angl. t. 2./. 30.
Long thick horse Muscle. Pttiv. Gaz. tab, 93. fig. 9
Mya pictorum. PGnn. Br. Zool. 43. fig. 17.
E 2
PLATE LXXXIX.
Mya minor ex flavo viridescens. Pictorum Da Costa. Br. Conch,
p. 228. tab. 14-./^. 4. 4.
Pennant and Da Costa have erroneously given this as the Mi/a
pictorum of Linnaeus, from which it differs in several respects. The
Mya pictorum is much more ovate, or egg-shaped, as Linnaeus ex-
presses it, and thinner than the present shell, which is of a lengthened,
or rather oblong form, and remarkably thick, though semi-transparent.
In adopting a new specific name that of oblonga would have been
preferred, had it not been pre-engaged by Gmelin to a totally distinct
species.
This species is common in rivers and fresh waters, and sometlmse
produce little pearls.
90
PLATE XC.
TURBO LACTEUS.
SMALL TURBO.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aper-
ture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell taper, with many longitudinal, elevated stria?, or ridges.
Turbo Lacteus : testa turrita : striis longitudinalibus elevatis con-
fertis. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. p. 1238. No. 634.
Turbo parvus interdum lacteus, interdum violaceus aut fuscus, costis
longitudinalibus confertus. Parvus. Da Costa.
Br. Conch, p. 104. sp, 61.
Found on the coasts of Cornwall, Devonshire, and Guernsey.—
This is a minute and scarce British species ; the smallest figures in
the annexed plate denote the natural size,
E 3
PLATE XC.
Some specimens are pure white, others beautifully tinged with
purple ; and the most perfect white and brown. The mouth is round,
surrounded on the outside by a thick prominent border. It has no
umbilicus. The shell consists of five spires, gradually tapering to an
acute point ; and separated by a depression. The longitudinal ribs
are thick and prominent.
t
PLATE XCL
MUREX COSTATUS
RIBBED MUREX,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait and somewhat pro-
duced gutter or canaliculation.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong, spires six, tapering, with eight longitudinal ribs.
Buccinum canaliculatum parvum, anfractibus costis longitudinalibus
distinctis. Costatum. Da Costa » Tab. 8.
fig- 4.
MuREx COSTATUS. Ribbed. Penn. Br. Zool. No. } 00. tab. 19,
fig.U4.
This elegant little shell was first discovered by Mr. Pennant, on
the coast of Anglesea, and described under the name of Murex Cos-
tatus. In retaining this name it will be proper to observe, that
Gmtlinj in his edition of the Systema Naturas, has another shell
£ 4
PLATE XCI.
under the same name, a ribbed and cancellated species found in ^
fossil state, in Champagne^ altogether distinct from this shell.
I
Da Costa received this species from the coasts of Cornwall and
Devonshire. Pennant says it inhabits Norway. The smallest figures ■
denote the natural size,
3^
rv
•^^•5
^>.i^
PLATE XCIL
MYA TRUNCTATA.
truncj4ted caper.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge
for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not
inserted into the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS,
Shell roundish, one end trunctated or abrupt. Tooth projecting
and obtuse.
My A TRUNCTATA: testa ovata posterius trunctata, cardinis dente
antrorsum porrecto obtussissimo. Linn, a,
Gmel. Syst. Nat. T. I. Jig. 6. p. 3217.
Concha laevis, altera tantum parte clusilis, apophysi admodum pro-
minente lataque praedita. List. H. An. Angl.
p. 191. tit. 36. tab. 5. Jig. 36,
PLATE XCIL
Mya trimctata, abrdpt. Penn. Br. Zool. 4. 14. tah. M. Jig. 14.
Charaa subrotunda fusca rugosa, exaltera parte trunctata. Trukc-
TATA= Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 233. sji. 57.
Common on many of the British shores.
53
I
t
A
>
, PLATE XCIII.
HELIX TENTACULATA."
KERNELy OR OLIVE WATER SNAIL,
• GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell without umbilicus, sub-conic, five spires. Aperture rather
oval.
Helix tentaculata: testa imperforata ovata obtusa Impura, aper«
ture subovata. Linn. Si/st. Nat. p. 1249.
71. 707.
Cochlea parva pelluclda, operculo testaceo cochleatoque clausa. List.
If. Conch, tab. 132. fig. 32.
Cochleola oblonga fluviatilis, common small river snail. Petiv. Gas.
tab. 18. Jig. 8. — Small fresh water turbo
with five wreaths. Wallis Northumb. p. 370.
Turbo imperforatus parvus subrufus, I:Evis, quinque spirarum. Nu-
cleus. Da Costa, Br. Cvnch.p. dl.sp. 50.
PLATE XCIIi.
Helix tentaculata. Penn. Brit, Zool, 4. No. 140, tab. 86. fg:
140.
inhabits most rivers and stagnant waters o
<)4-
f
i
f
PLATE XCIV.
STROMBUS COSTATUS.
RIBBED • STROMBUS,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a slug. Shell univalve, spiral. Aperture dilated, lip ex-
panding, produced into a groove.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell small, brown, taper, spires swelled, and wrought with pro
minent longitudinal ribs.
Strombiformis parvus fuscis, anfractibus costls elatls longitudinalibus
insignitis.
CosTATUs. Da Costa. Br. Conch, p. 118. sp. 71.
ba Costa, who is the only author that describes this curious shell,
says it is found on the coasts of Cornwall.
PLATE XCV.
SERPULA VERMICULARIS.
COMMON SERPULA,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a terebella, or whimble worm. Shell tubular, adheres tt»
other bodies, as shells, stones, tec.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell round, cylindrical, or scarcely tapering, curved and wrinkled.
Serpula Vermicularis : testa tereti subulata curvata rugosa.
Lin. Syst. Nat. a Grtiel. T. I. Jig. 4. p, 3743.
— Dentalium testa cylindracea insequali flexuosa
contorta. Lin. Fn.Sv. I. p. 380. No. 1328.
Tubuli in quibus vermes. Worm Shells. Merrtt, Pin. p. 194.
Serpula vermicularis- Worm. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 151.
tab. 91. Jig. 159.
Serpulas vermicularis, common. Da Costa Br. Conch, p. 18. sp.9,
-Tab. 2. fig. 5.
Those shells are extremely frequent on all the British coasts, either
In groupes attached to stones, shells and marine exuviae, or in single
PLATE XCV.
tlctached shells, assuming sometimes the appearance of a turbinate!
imivalve.
The colour Is in gerteral white : an elegant variety, deeply tinged
with red, as represented In the annexed plate, was dredged up at
Brighton, and communicated by Mr. P. Munn^ of Bond=strcet.
4^Pk
^ PLATE XCVI.
TELLINA CORNEA,
HORNY TELLEN,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge usually furnished with three teeth i shell generally
sloping on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
SYNONYMS.
Subglobose, glabrous, horn colour, with a transverse furrow.
Tellina Cornea : concha testa subglobosa glabra cornei coloris :
sulco transversali. Lin,
Musculus exiguus, pisi magnitudine, rotundus subflavus, ipsis valva-
rum oris albidis. List. H. An. AngL p. 150.
tit. 31. tab. 2. Jig. 31.
Pectunculus fluviatilis nostras nuciformis. Petiv. Mus. p. 8G>
No. 831.
Musculus fluviatilis, sequilaterus, Isvis rotundus, pisiformis, ex rubro
flavescens, ipsis valvarum oris albidis. Gualt. L.
Conch, tab. 1. fg.Q.
VOL. III. F
PLATE XCVI.
C. Parvum globosum viride-fuscum. Nux. Da Costa Br. Conch.
173.
Tellina Cornea. Horny. Penn. Br. Zeol, No. 36. tab. 49. fg. 39,
Da Costa observes, that Linnsus has placed tlils shell very Impro^
perly In the Tellina genus, as it docs not agree with his own defini-
tion of that genus, and remarks that its habit, shape, convexity, Sec,
brings it nearer to the Cardium than any other kind. — It still remains
a Tellina in the last edition of the .S^stema Nature by Gniehn, and
we are not disposed in the present instance to deviate from that
authority.
This, and the Tellina rivalis described by Dr. Alaton, in the Lin-
nzean Transactions, are very analogous, though evidently two distinct
species, as we have before noticed in our description of the latter,
Plate 62. — ^Tellina Cornea, according to Geoffroy, is a viviparous aniv
-pial, and is found in great plenty in most rivers and stagnant waters,
ri
V
TI\
/i
PLATE XCVII.
TELUNA FABULA.
SEMI-STRI^TED TELLER,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge usually furnished with three teeth. Shell n-enerally
sloping on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
A.\0
SYNONYMS.
Shell ovate, compressed, inflected, or rather produced at one end.
One valve smooth, the other marked with numerous oblique reflected
strise.
Tellina Fabula : testa ovata compressa inflexa anterlus subros-
trata : valva altera Isevi, altera oblique substriata :
striis reflexis. — Gronov. Zooph. tab. 13. fig. 9.
Gmel. Linn. Sijst. Nat. T. I. p. 6. p. 3239.
sp. 61.
Wc drscovered tliis very unusual species on tlie sands opposite to
Caldy Island, about two miles beyond Tcnby^ Pembrokeshire. It is
PLATE XCVII.
Vioticed by Gronovlus and Gmelin as a Norwegian and Meditenanean
shell, and is said to have been found on the coast of Dorsetshire, by
the late Dr. Pultney ; but has never been before described as a British
species.
The smallest figures represeet tlie natural size.
J8
/
m
PLATE XCVIII.
'I'ELLINA FAUSTA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hirige usually furnished with three teath. Shell generally
sloping on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Somewhat triangular with many obsolete minute transverse strisc
TzLLiNA FAUSTA : testa subtriangulari, striis transversis minutissi-
rais obsoletls.
Telliaa fausta. SoliDid. Ms. — List. Conch, t. 388./. 235.
An extremely scarce Bi itish species, and not mentioned by either
Penant, or Da Costa.
This- shell is generally of a pale cream colour on the outside, and
beautifully tinged with yellow within.
VOL, III,
^
PLATE XCIX.
HELIX CONTORTA.
THICK RIVER CHEESE SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell thick, umbilicated, flattish. Aperture narrow and crescent-
shaped.
Helix Contorta : testa subuitibllicata plana utrlnque cequali :
apertura lineari arcuata. Gruel. Linn. Sj/sL Nat.
p. S624.
Planorbls minima crassa TIney many-clrcled, thick, river cheese
shell. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 92. fig. 8.
Planorbls minima crassa, utrlnque umblllcata, anfractlbus subde-
pressls. Crassa. Da Costa Br. Conch, p. &Q.
sp. 37. Tab. \.fig. 11.
G 2
PLATE XCIX.
This aquatic snail is rather scarce \ it has been lately found in the
Thames, near Greenwich. Petiver says his were found in the rivu-
kts about Peterborough House, Westminster.
Da Costa mlFtook this for the Helix complanata of Linnaeus ; it it
evidently the Helix contorta of that author, who veiy minutely de-
scribes it in the Fauna Suecica.
10
PLATE C,
SERPULA GRANULATA.
GENERIC CHARACIER.
Aoimal a terebella, or whimble worm. Shell tubular, adheres t©
other bodies, as shells, stones, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell roundish, spiral, glomerate: three elevated ridges on the
upper side.
Serpula Granulata : testa tereti spirall glomerata ; latere stipe-
riore sulcis tribus elevatis, Gmel. Sz/st. T. /.
J). 6. p. 3741. sp. 9.
This singular species has not been before noticed as an English
Shell. We found it intermixed with Lepas Intertexta on the shell
of the common Lobster. Linnseus says it is found in the North Seas
in large masses, adhering to stones, and shells.
C 3
^ P L A T E CI.
MYA DEPRESSA.
DEPRESSED MYA,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge
for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, and broad tooth,
not inserted into the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Somewhat ovate, anterior part rather wedge-shaped and sloping :
a slight depression across the middle ; posterior part roundish, gaping.
Teeth at the hinge crenulated.
Mya Depress a : testa subovata, antice sub-cuneiformi declivi, medio
depressa, postice rotundata hiante, cardinis dente
crenulato.
After comparing the numerous kinds of fresh water Myse found in
different parts of the kingdom, the conchologlst will perhaps be sur-
prized at the small number we shall venture to admit as distinct
species. The varieties of those Shells seem endless, and, it niay be
G 4
PLATE CI.
doubted whether they are not in general indebted to age, accident, or
the peculiar qualities of the waters they inhabit, for those variations
i 1 general appearance that have been too frequently mistaken for cha-
racteristic differences of species.
As the Mya: will fall uiiJer consideration more fully hereafter, vv^c
shall for the present contine our remarks to the shell before us, and
its very analogous kind, the "Nlya ovata of Dr. Solaiidcr.
This has been considered by some as a mere variety of ovata, and
we confess our opinion is still wavering in assigning it a name and
character as a new species. The Mya ovata has been lately found
in the river Froome m Somersetshire, and likewise in the New River
near London. What are usually deemed its varieties are numerous,
but none of them can, we believe, be considered as distinct specie*,
except the present, which is certainly the most remote of any, if it is
really a variety of that species. The Mya ovata, in all its gradations,
seems somewhat more ventricose and ovate in its contour, than this
Shell ; and though the variations of the latter are considerable, we
have generally observed a sligtit depression, across the middle,
which causes the narrowest end to be rather flattened throughout,
and it is also rather more cuneiform or wedge-shaped at this end
than Mya ovata : to this we might perhaps adti, with some proprletv,
that the gaping beyond the hinge at the broadest end, is wider than
m Mya ovata.
Whether this difference Is actually sufficient to form a distinct specific
character, and whether ii is constant in other shells of this kind, still
lemalns in some degree of uncertainty. Both this and the Mya ovata
mhabit the same Waters, for we have seen several specimens from the
PLATE CI.
Tiver Froome, where It is known the Mya ovata is also found ; and as
to colour, it is no criterion : both kinds are greenish, radiated witli
yellow, and are more or less vivid in different shells : they are seldom
higher in colour than the specimen we have figured ; some are more
od"An olive colour, and others are deeply tinged with brown.
10 2
3
PLATE CII.
TURBO FONTINALIS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture
somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell umbilicated, subconic, wreaths ventricose, smooth.
Turbo Fontinalis : testa umbilicata subconica anfractibus ven-
tricosis laevibus.
Not described by Pennant or Da Costa, Lives in clear fresh
waters.
103
PLATE CIIL
TELLINA RIGIDA.
FL^T AND RIDGED TELLEN,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The Iilnge usually furnislied with three teeth. Shell generally
sloping on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Somewhat depressed, siibrotund, thick, with numerous transverse
thread-like ridges, and a still deeper longitudinal depression near tlic
posterior end.
'I'EtLiNA RiGiDA : testa subdepressa subrotunda crassa transverslm
confertissime striata, postice longitudinaliter ma-
gis depressa.
Tellina crassa. Pemi. Br. ZooL p. 87. .7;. 28 ?
Pecttinculus depressior subrotundus, dense et transversim strigatus.
Depression Da Costa Br. Conch, j). 194. sp,
30. Tab. \Z.fg.4.
Da Costa, who appears to be the only author that describes this
shell, says be received it from the coaft of Cornwall.
PLATE cm.
This is a thick and heavy shell, though rather transparent ; the
sides nearly similar, and the beaks almost central. The colour is
generally white, with a tinge of yellow on the outside, and some
specimens are beautifully radiated with pale pink : the inside is re-?
jnarkably glossy and finely tinged with yellow, red and orange.
J04
PLATE CIV.
BUCCINUM UNDATUM.
WAV ED i OR COMMON WHELKE.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture oval, ending in a short canal.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell oblong, coarse, transversely striated, with many curved
angles.
BucciNUM UNDATUM : testa oblonga rudi transversim striata ; an-
fractibus curvato-multangulis. Gmel. Linn.
Sj/st. Nat. T. 3. p. 3492. sp. 93. — Fau7i. Sitec.
2263.
Buccinum crassum rufescens, striatum et undatum. List. H. An,
Angl. p. 156. tit. 2. tab. 3. fg. 2.— Et Bucc;
tenue, laeve, striatum et undatum. Id. p. 157.
tit. 3. tab. 3. ilg. 3. — Bucc. brevi rostrum tenu-
iter striatum, pluribus undatis sinubus distinctum.
List. H. Conch, tab, 962. fg. 14.— Et Bucc.
brevi rosti-um magnum, tenue, levitcr striatum.
Id. tab. 962. fg. 15. 15. a— Id. Excrc. Anat,
AH. p. 68.
PLATE CIV.
Rough, and our most common whclke. Dale Ilar-w. p. 3d2»
No. 3.4.
Buccinum undatum, waved, Penn, Brit. Zool. No. 90. pi. 7S.
Buccinum striatum, striated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 91. pL 74.
Exiccinum canaliculatum medium vulgare rufesceus striatum, plun-
bus costis undatis distinctum. Vulgare Da Cosia.
Br. Conch, p. 122; sp. 73. tab. 6. fg. 6. 6.
This is the common Whelke of English conchologists, and is some-
times brought to the markets as an article of food. The brown ones
are this common sort, for as Linnxus observes, those that arc brown
fasciated with white or blue are scarce \ the former of those varieties
IS figured in the annexed plate.
Lister, Pennant and other authors have considered the striated va-
riety of this Shell as a distinct species; it is certainly destitute of tho5^
prominent ribs or knobs which is so conspicuous in this Shell in ge-
reral, but the transitions from the striated kind to those with knobs
IS so gradual and easy to be traced that we must coincide with Lin-
naeus and Da Costa who admit them barelv as varieties.
PLATE CV.
HELIX L^VIGATA, :
SMOOTH SNAIL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Imperforate, pellucid, roundish, of two wreaths : the first very-
large, the second small, obtuse, and placed laterally.
Helix L.^vigata : testa hnperforata obovata obtusisslma pellucidi
Isevissima. Gmel. Linn. Si/st. Nat. T. I. p. 6.
p. 3663. sp. 148.
Helix laevigata. Smoothed. Penn. Br. Zool. T. 4. /. 86./. 139.
Testa M. rar.f. 17. Chenin. f. 1590. 9.
A rare Shell, found on the Kentisli coast, and on the beach at Stud-
land, Dorsetshire. Communicated by the Rev. T. Rackett.
Pennant considers this as a fresh water Shell, saying it inhabits
ponds. Gmelin is silent respecting its habitation.
VOL. III. H
JO 6
PLATE CVI.
IVIACTRA STULTORUM.
RATED MACTRA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a Tethys. Bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth com-
plicated, with a little groove on each side ; lateral teeth remote.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell semi-transparent, smooth, with faint radiations ; within pur-
plish.
Mactra Stultorum: testa subdiaphana Isvi obsolete radiata,
intus purpurascente, vulva gibba. Gmcl. Si/st.
Nat. T. I. p. 6. p. 325S. sp. 11.
Pectunculus triquetrus ex flavo radiatus. LisL 11. Conch, tab. 2.51.
fig' ^-5.
Mactra stultorum, Simpleton. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 42. tab. 52.
.fig- -^2.
Trigonella tenuis admodum concava ferrugineo-cinerea radiata. Ra-
diata. Da Costa Br. Conch, p. 190. sp. 32. —
Tab. \2.fg. 3. 3.
H 2
PLATE CVI.
This Shell, we observed in plenty, on the sandy shores of South
A Vales, and particularly on those of Pembrokeshire. It is also found
on the western coasts , at Highlake in Cheshire, near Liverpool ; at
the inouth of the river Mersey ; and on the coast of Aberdeenshire
and other shores of Scotland.
The general colour of the outside is a kind of milky white, deli-
cately radiated with brown ; within, the young shells are tinged with
reddish brown, the old ones with violet.
PLATE CVIL
FIG. I.
CARDIUM ECHINATUM.
THORNr COCKLE.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Two teeth near the beak ; and another remote one, on each side
of the Shell.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell somewhat heart shaped, ribs prominent with a carlnated ridge
beset with spines along the middle.
Cardium Echinatum : testa subcordata sulcata : costis carinatis
aculeatis. Lm7i. Gmel. Sj/st. Nat. T. I. p. 6.
p. 3247. sp. 8.
Peclunculus orbicularis fuscus, striis medils muricatis. List. II,
Conch, tab. ^24!. Jig. \6\.
Cardium Echinatum. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 38.
Cardium orbiculare, costis clrciter viginti echinatis, spinis hamatis.
Echinatum. Da Costa Brit. Conch, p. 176.
Tab. U.fg. 2.
H 3
PLATE CVII.
Dead and worn Shells of this species are found on several of the
British coasts in plenty.
It is an elegant shell though the colours are in general obscure :
within it is white, without of a pale brown sometimes marked with
transverse bands of rust colour.
FIG. 11.
CARDIUM TUBERCULATUM.
JUBERCULATED COCKLE,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell somewhat heart-shaped, ribs obtuse, knotty, transversely
striated.
Cardium Tuberculatum : testa subcordata : sulcis obtusis no-
dosis transversini striatis. Linn. Gmel. Syst. T.
I. p. 6. p. 3248. sp. 11.
Gmelin mentions several varieties of this specie*. It has been
sometimes considered as the Cardium rusticum.
Found on the coast of Dorsetshire, is scarce, and not beft»re de-
scribed as <i British Shell.
104
' PLATE CVIII.
MYA DUBIA.
DUBIOUS MYA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge
for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not
inserted in the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
SYNONYMS.
Shell fragile, brown, bottom widely gaping; rudiment of a tooth
in one valve only.
Mya Dubia : testa fragili fusca subtus valde hiante valva una eden-
tula altera rudimento dentis.
Mya dubia. Penn. Br. Zool. /?. 82. 19.
Pennant, who seems to be the only author that describes this shell,
says it has the rudiment of a tooth within one shell; with an oval
PLATE CVIII.
and large hiatus opposite the hinge. Shells brown and brittle, size
of a Pistachia nut. Length of a Horsebean, and found near Wey-
mouth.
This Shell is rare, Pennant notes his from the Portland cabinet.
INDEX
VOL. III.
LINNiEAN ARRANGEiMENT.
BIVALVIA: CONCH/E.
Plate. Flj.
JVIyA margarltlfera - - - - 7j
Mya declivJs - - - - - 8z
— — arenaria - - - - - 85
— — ovalis - - _ . - gcj
— — dubia . - . . - loS
■ truneata - • - - - 92
■ depressa . . - - . 101
Tellina fausta - • - - - 9S
— — — — cornea - , - - _ gg
. . fabula - - - - - 97
■ rigida - - - - . loj
Cardium tuberculatum - - - « 107 z
.. Echinatum - - - - 107 i
Mactra.stultorum - - - - - 106
Venus islandica - - •• - - 77
»■ granulata - - - - ^3
Area caudata - - - - - 78
Mytllus pellucldus - - - » Si
Bulla resiliens - • - - - 79
— — hydatis - - * - S8
Bucclnum undatum » - - - - 104
— — — reticulatum - - - - - 76
INDEX,
Plate. Fig.
$trombus costatiis - - :. - - 94
Murex costatus - - >. . - 91
■ decoUatus - - - • . g6
Trochus clnerarius - _ . . - 74
Turbo muscorum - » » - 80
— fontinalis
— lacteus
lOZ
90
Helix vortex - - - - _ 75
— ^ pomatia - . - . - 84
I I tentacula - . . ' ~ 93
— lavlgata - - - . . 105
■ vivipara - - _ _ - 87
I contorta - . - « . 90
Serpula vermicularls ..... 95
■I " - granulata .... - 100
INDEX TO VOL. III.
ACCORDING TO
IIISTORIA NATURALIS TESTACEORUM
BRITANNIiE of DA COSTA.
PART I.
GENUS 2.
• MARINiE. SEA.
Plate.
Fig,
oERPULA vermlcularls - , -
95
PART II.
UNIVALVIA INVOLUTA.
GENUS 5. BULLA. DIPPER^
Bulla Hydatis - -
88
•— — resiliens » - - * • ''
79
INDEX,
PART TIL
UNIVALVIA TURBINATA.
GENUS 7. TROCHUS TOP SHELL.
• MARINE. SEA.
Tfochus cinerarlus (umbilicalis)
Plate. Fig.
74
Helix vortcic
■ ■ ■■■ crassa
GENUS 9. HELIX.
«* FLUVIATILES, RIVER.
75
99
GENUS 10. COCHLEA SNAILS.
* TERRESTRES. LAND.
Cochlea. pomatU - - - • 84
Cochlea vivlpara
*« FLUVIATILES. RIVER.
87
Cochlea IsevigataL
MARINiE. SEA.
J05
INDEX.
GENUS 11. TURBO,
* TERRESTRES. LAND.
Plate. Fig.
Turbo muscorum - - - _ . 80
■ parvus (lacteus) . _ . _ - go
** FLUVIATILES. RIVER.
Turbo Nucleus (tcntaculata) - - "93
■ fontinalis . - _ » _ loa
GENUS 13. BUCCINA CANALICULATA. GUTTERED WHELKS.
» MARINE. SEA.
Buccinum vulgare « - - _ _ J04
■ costatum - - - - 51
GENUS 14. BUCCINA RECURVIROSTRA. WRY-MOUTHED
WHELKS.
Buccinum retlculatum - - - .76
ORDER 2.
BIVALVES.
GENUS 6. CARDIUM. HEART COCKLE.
• FLUVIATILES. RIVER.
Cardlum nux » » . . • 96
INDEX
** MARINE. SEA.
Cardium Echinatum
Plate. Fig.
107
GENUS 7. PECTUNCULUS. COCKLE.
* MARINiE.
Pectunculus crassus
•- — — depressior
Trigonella radiata
GENUS 8. TRIGONELLA.
MARINE. SEA.
77
»03
Mya margaritifera
" arnearia
« ttunoata
GENUS 12. MYA.
* FLUVIATILES. RIVER,
73
ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. III.
Plate. rig.
AreNARIA, Mya - . - - 85
Caudata, Area - - - " 7^
Cinerarius, Trochus - - - - 74
Contorta, Helix - - - " 99
Cornea, Tellina « - - - 96
Costatus, Murex » - - - 91
. Strombus - - - - 94
Declivis, Mya " - - - - Sz -
Decollatus, Murex _ » - - 86
Depressa Mya - - - - - ici
Dubia Mya - - - - I08
Echinatum, Cardium . . _ - 107 1
Fabula, Tellina «• - - " " 97
Fausta, Tellina ... - 98
Fontinalis, Turbo - - - - 102
Cranulata, "Venus - - - - ^3
» — Serpula - - - - 100
Hydatis, Bulla _ - - - 88
Islandica, Venus - - - " 77
Lacteus, Turbo - - - - 90
Laevigata, Helix - - . _ - 105
Margaritrfera, Mya p - - " 73
Mufcorum, Turbo _ . _ - 80
Ovalis, Mya - _ . - 89
Pellucidus, Mytilus - « - - 81
Pomatia Helix - - . - 84
Resiliens, Bulla - - " - 79
Retlculatum, Bucclnum - - - 76 ■
Rigida, Tellina - , • - - '°3. .
INDEX,
Platr. Fjg,
Stultorum, Mactra - _ - ■ . ic6
Tentaculata, Helix • - - - - 93
Truncata, Mja- - - ... - gi
Tuberculatum, Cardlum . - . - . j^y 4
Vcrmicularis, Serpula - - - • p^
Vivipara, Helix .. - « - - 87
Vortex, Helix - - - - - 75
Undatum, Bucciiium - » - . - • 304
END OF VOL. nr.
Printed by Bye and Law, St. John's -Square, Clerkenwell.
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